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1991年,美国麻省理工学院的D.Huang等人首次提出OCT概念,采用OCT技术成功地对人眼视网膜的显微结构和冠状动脉壁成像,轴向分辨率达到10 μm[10]。1993年,Swanson等[6]人演示了人类视网膜的活体光学相干层析成像,其原理如图1所示,OCT系统将低相干光源发出的光线通过光线偶联器分成两束,一束发射到被测物体,即被检查者眼内,称为信号臂,另一束发射到干涉仪内的参照反光镜,称为参考臂。把信号臂和参考臂反射回来的两束光信号叠加,当信号臂和参考臂长度一致时,就会发生干涉。从眼球中反射回来的光信号随组织的形状而显示不同的强弱,产生明暗灰阶变化的OCT图像,经过伪彩处理后得到视网膜横断面图像。
根据光学相干层析具体成像原理和数据处理方式的不同,可分为时域OCT(Time Domain OCT,TD-OCT)、谱域OCT (Spectral-Domain OCT,SD-OCT)和扫描源OCT (Swept-Source OCT,SS-OCT)三种形式,具有点扫描、线场和全场三种照明和检测方案。时域OCT采用宽带连续或准连续光源,参考臂采用机械方式进行Z轴轴向扫描(A-scan),通过点探测器接收不同深度扫描的散射光干涉信号以获取样品不同深度的信息。谱域OCT采用与时域OCT相同的光源,利用分光镜实现干涉,通过光谱仪的光栅衍射出不同波长的光信息,最终由线阵探测器接收并利用傅里叶变换重建深度扫描(A-scan)信息。扫描源OCT采用与时域和谱域OCT不同的可调节波长光源,该光源发出一系列连续波长的相干光,利用点探测器接收不同波长相干光干涉后的强度,重建得到所有波长的干涉信号图。谱域OCT和扫描源OCT都是基于傅里叶变换分析的频域OCT,省去了时域OCT参考臂机械式的Z轴扫描(A-scan)过程,成像速度大幅度提高,已几乎完全取代时域OCT的应用。由于眼睛体液是透明的,谱域OCT常使用宽带超辐射发光二极管(Super Luminescent Diode,SLD)作为光源,在700~900 nm的光谱范围进行OCT成像。而扫描源OCT通过研制不同的基于傅里叶域锁模(Fourier-Domain Mode Locked,FDML)激光器的超宽带波长扫描源,可以在1 040 nm、1 300 nm和1 700 nm等低吸水率窗口进行生物透明成像,具有更深入的穿透能力。时域OCT、谱域OCT和扫描源OCT的具体工作形式和特性对比如表1所示。
表 1 时域OCT、谱域OCT和扫描源OCT的比较
Table 1. Comparison of TD-OCT, SD-OCT and SS-OCT
TD-OCT Frequency domain OCT SD-OCT SS-OCT Illuminant Wide spectrum, continuous/quasi continuous light Wide spectrum, continuous/quasi continuous light Sweep light source Reference arm Mechanical Fixed Fixed Detector Point detector Line detector Point detector Imaging speed Slow Fast Fast SNR Low High High
Application of adaptive optics coherence tomography in retinal high resolution imaging
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摘要: 视网膜光学相干层析(OCT)技术利用外部低相干光源照射人眼眼底,并将人眼眼底散射信号进行干涉成像,获得人眼视网膜的断层图像信息,以实现人眼视网膜无创、实时、在体的光学活检。传统光学相干层析在视网膜成像时的轴向分辨率可达3 μm以上,但由于人眼个体差异和不可避免的像差限制了视网膜OCT的横向分辨率,只能达到约15~20 μm。而自适应光学作为一项波前校正的先进技术,可以校正OCT色差以及人眼有限视场和眼球运动导致的像差,将OCT横向分辨率提高到低于2 μm,以实现视网膜细胞及微细血管近衍射极限成像,及时发现患者眼底存在的早期病变。在介绍自适应光学和视网膜光学相干层析的技术特点基础上,对自适应光学在视网膜光学相干层析成像应用的国内外发展现状进行了论述,总结了自适应光学OCT视网膜高分辨成像在宽带光源色差校正、眼球运动伪影减少、自适应光学视场扩大和波前传感与校正系统简化的关键技术和未来发展趋势,以实现大视场、高效率、高灵敏度、高分辨率的高速人眼视网膜成像,为未来自适应光学OCT视网膜成像技术的研究和应用提供参考和借鉴。Abstract: Retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology uses external low coherence light source to irradiate the fundus of the human eye, and interfere scattered signals of the fundus of the human eye to obtain the sectional image information of the human retina, so as to realize the non-invasive, real-time and in vivo optical biopsy of the human retina. The axial resolution of traditional optical coherence tomography in retinal imaging can reach more than 3 μm, but the transverse resolution of OCT can only reach about 15-20 μm due to individual differences and inevitable aberrations. Adaptive optics, as an advanced technology of wavefront correction, can correct OCT chromatic aberration and aberrations caused by limited field of view and eye movement, so as to improve the transverse resolution of OCT to less than 2 μm. Adaptive optics OCT can realize near diffraction limit imaging of retinal cells and microvessels to timely detect the early lesions in patients with fundus. Based on the introduction of the technical characteristics of adaptive optics and retinal optical coherence tomography, the development status of adaptive optics in retinal optical coherence tomography at home and abroad was reviewed, and the key technologies and future development trends of adaptive optics OCT retinal high-resolution imaging in wide-band light source chromatic aberration correction, eye movement artifact reduction, adaptive optics field of view expansion and wavefront sensing and correction system simplification were summarized, so as to realize high-speed retinal imaging with large field of view, high efficiency, high sensitivity and high resolution, and provide reference for the future research and application of adaptive optics OCT retinal imaging technology.
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表 1 时域OCT、谱域OCT和扫描源OCT的比较
Table 1. Comparison of TD-OCT, SD-OCT and SS-OCT
TD-OCT Frequency domain OCT SD-OCT SS-OCT Illuminant Wide spectrum, continuous/quasi continuous light Wide spectrum, continuous/quasi continuous light Sweep light source Reference arm Mechanical Fixed Fixed Detector Point detector Line detector Point detector Imaging speed Slow Fast Fast SNR Low High High -
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