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作为世界第一台星载云–气溶胶激光雷达系统LITE,由“发现号”航天飞机搭载并与1994年9月9日飞行到轨道250 km,轨道倾角为57°,进行为期10天的探测任务。LITE在10天的连续探测,其探测任务,如表1所示。如图1和2所示,分别为LITE装置图及在轨运行图。
表 1 LITE探测任务
Table 1. Detection mission of the LITE
Troposphere Stratosphere Cloud Earth’s surface Relationship between aerosol scattering ratio and wavelength height and structure of PBL Optical thickness of PBL Relationship between aerosol scattering ratio and wavelength atmospheric density and temperature within 40 km Vertical distribution, cloud cover reflectivity, optical thickness Reflectivity relation between backscatter and incident angle 图3为LITE系统结构图。LITE是由激光发射模块、望远镜接收器、后继光路模块、对光系统单元及数据处理电子组件组成。激光器采用灯泵浦固体Nd:YAG脉冲激光器,输出波长为1 064 、532 、355 nm;接收望远镜采用直径1 m的轻量化的里奇–克雷蒂安望远镜;后继光路收集从大气中后向散射信号,部分532 nm信号被探测器探测导出作为对准误差信号,来驱动双轴主动对光机构,实现接收与发射光学对准。1 064 nm,部分532 nm,355 nm通过分束镜分束,并使用三个探测器探测:部分532 nm,355 nm波长采用光电倍增管(PMT)探测器,1 064 nm 采用雪崩二极管(APD)探测器。
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激光发射模块由加压密封在容器中两台相同的激光器组成,其中一台作为备用激光器。两台激光器采用具有二倍频和三倍频功能的灯泵浦固体Nd:YAG脉冲激光器。激光发射模块可以同时输出波长为1 064 、532 、355 nm;氘化砷酸氢铯(CD*A)和氘化磷酸二氢钾(Kd*P)晶体置于温控箱中,分别用于二倍频和三倍频。通过工程数据系统来收集和探测每个波长的脉冲能量;光学和电子元件全部放置在密封箱中,并充干燥的氮气,加略大于一个标准大气压来提供密封环境。激光器出光时,激光发射模块在电源28 V直流电中功率约为1 865 W,其中产生大部分的热都来自闪光灯。安装在密封箱一端的风扇提供热对流,保持箱内温度分布均匀;在闪光灯外壳提供水冷系统,故激光器产生的热大部分被与氟里昂–水热交换器传出,消除热对激光器运行的影响。激光发射模块主要性能特点如表2所示。
表 2 激光器性能参数
Table 2. Laser performance parameters
Item Value Output wavelenth/nm 1 064 532 355 Laser A output energy/mJ 470 530 170 Laser A beam divergence/mrad 1.8 1.1 0.9 Laser B output energy/mJ 440 560 160 Laser B beam divergence/mrad 1.8 1.2 1.1 Pulse repetition rate/Hz 10 Pulse width/ns 27 由一个双轴电机驱动的棱镜组成视轴组件,用于输出激光与望远镜接收视场直径的光学对准。工作过程为:激光器输出平行于正交栅格平台的激光光束离开密封箱,通过转向棱镜将激光光束成90°方向射向地球。部分532 nm后向散射大气信号通过后继光路分离,并发送到微通道板象限的检测器中,电子器件确定后向光束在象限探测靶面上的位置,并生成误差信号来驱动双轴万向机构以使系统光学对准。
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接收模块由望远镜、后继光路系统及望远镜支撑结构组成,其主要参数如表3所示。望远镜是一种里奇–克雷蒂安望远镜,较经典的卡塞洛林望远镜有着更宽的矫正视场。主镜材料采用S200B铍,次镜材料采用熔融石英。望远镜是通过后继光路系统的支撑结构支撑在正交栅格光学平台上。后继光路系统主要由探测器、光学器件和信号调节电子器件组成。分束镜将后向散射光分成了355、532、1 064 nm波长,其中采用光电倍增管(PMT)探测器探测355、532 nm波长,采用雪崩光电二极管(APD)探测 1 064 nm波长。后继光路系统还包括可移动的窄带干涉滤光片和用于白天或夜晚的可调节设备视场的光阑,其中1.1 mrad和3.5 mrad的光圈分别用于白天和黑夜的探测。
表 3 接收系统参数
Table 3. Receiving system parameters
Item Value Aft optics Wavelength/nm 1 064 532 355 Quantum efficiency 33 14 21 Color filter bandwidth/nm 675 265 60 Interference filter bandwidth/nm 0.8 0.35 1 Interference gilter transmission 46% 45% 33% Optical throughput (night) 64% 45% 42% Optical throughput (day) 29% 20% 14% Field of view (all wavelengths) Selectable:1.1 mrad, 3.5 mrad, annular, blocked Telescope Primary mirror diameter/in 37.25 Secondary mirror diameter/in 12.25 Focal length 189.0 Focal ratio F/5.1 Obscuration ratio 0.11 -
由美国NASA与法国空间研究中心(CNES)共同研制出CALIPSO卫星,于2006年4月28日发射。CALIPSO卫星在705 km高度,轨道倾角98°的轨道上运行,并搭载着主要设备CALIOP,用于探测云和气溶胶。CALIOP主要探测云和气溶胶垂直结构及性质对全球大气变化的影响。
CALIOP由激光发射系统和接收系统组成,如图4所示。CALIOP以T型光学平台为基准设计光机结构,确保发射和接收光学对准的稳定性。T型光学平台使用材料为碳–石墨复合材料,满足机械热稳定性。如表4所示为CALIOP发射系统参数。
表 4 CALIOP发射系统参数
Table 4. CALIOP transmitter system parameters
Item Value Laser Diode-pumped Nd:YAG Pulse energy 110 mJ:1 064 nm 110 mJ:532 nm Pep rate 20.16 Hz Pulse length 20 ns Line width 30 pm Polarization purity >1 000∶1 (532 nm) Beam divergence $100\;{\text{μ} } {\rm{rad} }$ (after beam expander) Boresight range ±1°,1.6 μrad steps Laser environment 18 psia, dry air -
激光发射子系统包括两套完全相同的激光发射器,每个都有一个扩束镜,和确保发射和接收光学对准视轴校准系统。激光器采用二极管泵浦 Nd:YAG,生产出220 mJ能量的1 064 nm,并通过二倍频获得单脉冲能量为110 mJ的1 064 nm和532 nm,脉宽20 ns,重复频率20.16 Hz。每台激光器都放置在自己的密封箱中,密封环境为干燥空气,压强略超过标准大气压,通过密封箱内能量检测器监测激光器输出脉冲能量。激光器输出激光通过扩束装置后,减小其发散角从而在地球表面产生直径为70 m的光斑;使用专用的散热面板进行被动冷却。
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如图5所示,接收子系统主要由望远镜、后继光路、探测器、前置放大器和线性驱动组成,并安装在T型光学平台上。CALIOP 有效载荷如图6所示,其中信号处理和控制电路安装在有效载荷外壳的箱子中。望远镜直径为1 m,其中主镜、次镜、计量结构和内遮光筒的材料采用铍,确保机械热稳定性;遮阳板采用碳复合材料,避免太阳光直接照射镜子;与T型光学平台之间进行隔热处理。安置在望远镜焦点处的光阑抑制了杂散光,并定义望远镜视场为130 mrad(全角)。可移动的快门能够测量探测器的暗电流,其机构可以驱动消偏器进入532 nm 通道,对其进行消偏校准。偏振分束器用于分离532 nm的水平和垂直回波信号。在532 nm通道中,窄带标准具和干涉滤光片结合使用来抑制背景信号,使用探测器为PMT,可提供大线性动态范围,非常低的暗噪声信号和合理的量子效率;在1 064 nm通道中,单独使用干涉滤光片来仰制背景信号,使用探测器为APD,可提供良好动态范围和量子效率。在532 nm和1 064 nm两通道里都安装了双重14位数字转换器,可提供所需有效的22位动态范围,来确保后向散射信号都被探测到。表5为CALIOP接收性能参数。
表 5 CALIOP接收系统参数
Table 5. CALIOP receiving system parameters
Item Value Telescope diameter 1 m Field of view/mrad 130(full angle) Digitizer sample rate/MHz 10 Vertical sample spacing/m 15 Electronic bandwidth/MHz 2.0 Vertical resolution as determined by bandwidth/m 30 Digitizer resolution/bits 14 Maximum dynamic range(merged) 2.5 E6(>21 bits) 532 nm channel Detector PMT Etalon passband/pm 37 Etalon peak transmission 85% Blocking filter/pm 770 1 064 nm channel Detector APD Optical passband/pm 450 Peak transmission 84% -
云–气溶胶传输系统Cats由美国NASA在2015年1月1日发射并在同年1月22日安装在国际空间站(ISS)中日本实验模块–暴露设施(JEM-EF)中。Cats随ISS在轨道405 km,轨道倾角为51°上运行,图7为在轨示意图。2018年1月18日,云–气溶胶传输系统Cats成功地完成了为期33个月的大气探测任务,并在国际空间站上结束了运行。
CATS有效载荷探测云–气溶胶完成3种探测任务:(1)提供气溶胶垂直分布的实时观测资料,输入到全球模式中;提供云–气溶胶层的廓线,以及气溶胶大小和形状信息。(2)拓展激光雷达大气探测连续性的星载激光雷达功能,可提供类似于CALIPSO的云–气溶胶廓线的探测数据,填充了数据缺口,这样的数据可以不断改善大气模式和对地球系统和气候反馈过程的理解。(3)采用高重频激光器和光子计数器来探测垂直廓线的能力以及高光谱分辨率激光雷达(HSRL)技术和355 nm的测试能力,为了未来星载激光雷达任务研发做准备。
表6为CATS主要的科学运行模式。如图8所示为CATS有效载荷模型,主要由2个高重复频率的Nd:YVO4激光器,望远镜和探测器盒组成。
表 6 CATS主要科学模式
Table 6. CATS main science modes
Science mode 1
Backsctter:532,1 064 nm
No HSRL Depolarization:
532,1 064 nmScience mode 2
Backsctter:532,1 064 nm
HSRL:532 nm Depolarization:
1 064 nmScience mode 3
Backsctter:355,532,1 064 nm
No HSRL Depolarization:
532,1 064 nmScience modes 4,5,6
Backup mode
Use laser 2 and receiver
from mode 1 -
激光器1采用Nd:YVO4激光器,从云物理激光雷达[33]设备中继承并发展而来,其性能参数如表7所示,并用于科学模式1,发射系统装备如图9所示。
表 7 激光器1性能参数
Table 7. Performance parameters of laser 1
Item Parameters Laser1 Nd:YVO4 Repetition rate 5 000 Hz Output divergence 532 nm:0.75 mrad to 1.125 mrad 1 064 nm: 0.75 mrad to 1.8 mrad Output beam diameter 532 nm:<1 300 1 064 nm:<1 300 Output beam energy 2 mJ: 532 nm 2 mJ: 1 064 nm Wavelength 532.12 nm 1 064.25 nm Line width 532 nm:45 pm 1 064 nm:100 nm Pulse width 532 nm:<10 ns 1 064 nm:<10 ns M2 532 nm:1.1-1.2 1 064 nm:1.2-13 Polarization 532 nm:>100:1 532 nm: >100:1 激光器2采用种子注入脉冲Nd:YVO4激光器,从用于机载云–气溶胶传输系统[34]的激光发射器中继承并发展而来,其性能参数如表8所示。组成的激光发射系统为激光2,主要由激光光学模块(LOM 2),激光电模块(LEM 2)和外部三倍频发生器模块(THG)组成。LOM 2产生1 064 nm和532 nm输出,通过THG产生355 nm。激光2存在两种运行模式,一种使用THG;另一种不用THG。如图10所示为激光2发射系统的结构分布图,其工作过程利用可移动的反射镜装置放置在LOM 2和THG转向反射镜之间,由控制其运动将LOM2的输出引向或远离THG,实现激光2的运行模式的转换。
表 8 激光器2性能参数
Table 8. Performance parameters of laser 2
Laser2 Injection-seeded, pulsed Nd: YVO4 2 wavelengths 3 wavelengths Repetition rate 4000 Hz Output divergence 355 nm N/A 0.7 mrad to 1.875 mrad 532 nm 0.75 mrad to 1.125 mrad 1.275 mrad to 1.875 mrad 1 064 nm 0.75 mrad to 1.8 mrad 1.275 mrad to
3 mradOutput beam diameter 355 nm N/A <1300 532 nm <1300 1 064 nm Output beam energy 355 nm N/A 2 mJ 532 nm 2 mJ 1 064 nm Wavelength 355 nm N/A 354.75 532 nm 532.12 nm 532.12 nm 1 064 nm 1064.25 nm 1064.25 nm Line width 355 nm N/A 0.08 pm 532 nm <0.5 pm 0.145 pm 1 064 nm 0.5 pm Pulse width 355 nm N/A <10 ns 532 nm <10 ns 1 064 nm M2 355 nm N/A 1.08 532 nm 1.25 1.5 1 064 nm 1.39 3.1 Polarization 355 nm N/A >100∶1 532 nm >100∶1 1 064 nm -
CATS采用直径为60 cm的望远镜,材料采用铍,可提供较高的热稳定性结构。其视场为110 mrad,可允许
${0.5^ \circ }$ 的视角。如图11所示为组装前的望远镜,与探测器采用光纤耦合方式连接。CATS具有4个探测器标准盒,其中前2个探测器标准盒是相同的,用于模式1的LFOV和RFOV,主要包括2个532 nm平行和2个532 nm垂直后向散射探测通道,1个1 064 nm平行和1个1 064 nm 垂直后向散射探测通道的6个探测探测通道;第3个探测标准盒用于模式3,其中包括模式1的相同的6个探测通道,并添加了1个355 nm后向散射探测通道,共7个探测通道。如图12所示为用于模式1和3的探测器盒。用于HSRL探测的探测器盒,包括12个探测通道,其中有10个特定的532 nm的HSRL探测通道;1个1 064 nm平行和1个1 064 nm垂直后向散射探测通道。HSRL探测器盒的核心部分是标准具,提供HSRL探测所需的光谱分辨率,望远镜接收的后向散射光通过标准具,和带通滤波器串联使用来抑制背景光,可实现白天探测。
Opto-mechanical system structure and research progress of space-borne lidar for cloud-aerosol
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摘要: 气溶胶辐射强迫效应主要通过气溶胶与辐射相互作用(aerosol-radiation interaction, ARI)和气溶胶与云相互作用(aerosol-cloud interaction, ACI)两种途径来影响地球辐射收支平衡,联合国气候变化政府间专家委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC)在第五次报告指出,气溶胶与云的相互作用是最主要的不确定性辐射强迫因子之一。在云–气溶胶全球探测领域中,星载云–气溶胶遥感雷达的探测能力与发展方向对研究者们研究全球云–气溶胶分布特点越来越重要。首先对星载云–气溶胶遥感雷达技术的应用现状进行了分析,并针对典型星载云–气溶胶激光雷达(激光雷达空间技术实验LITE、正交偏振云–气溶胶激光雷达CALIPSO、云–气溶胶传输系统CATS、大气激光雷达ATLID)的探测任务、光机系统参数、结构及材料等技术特点进行了详细的分析研究;其次从工作机制、光机系统结构、应用材料和探测能力等方面对各星载云–气溶胶激光雷达系统特点进行了对比,提出星载云–气溶胶激光雷达光机系统结构设计特点与方法;最后分析了当前星载云–气溶胶激光雷达系统技术特点及发展方向,为我国发展星载云–气溶胶激光雷达提供技术方向及发展建议。
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关键词:
- 地球辐射 /
- 星载云–气溶胶激光雷达 /
- 遥感技术 /
- 光机结构
Abstract: The aerosol radiative forcing effect mainly influences the balance of the Earth’s radiation through two pathways, namely aerosol-radiation interaction (ARI) and aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI). However, uncertainty in ACI is one of the most important uncertainties in the Earth’s radiation factor in the IPCC AR5 report. In the field of aerosol-cloud global detection, the detection capability and development direction of space-borne lidar for cloud-aerosol remote sensing plays an very important role to study the global aerosol-cloud distribution characteristics. Therefore, the application status of space-borne lidar for cloud-aerosol remote sensing was analyzed firstly, and the technical characteristics about the detection task, opto-mechanical system parameters, structure and materials of typical space-borne lidar for aerosol-cloud (LITE、CALIPSO、CATS and ATLID) were focused on. Secondly, the characteristics of each space-borne lidar for aerosol-cloud were compared and analyzed from the aspects of working mechanism, opto-mechanical system structure, applied materials and detection capabilities. The design features and methods of opto-mechanical system of space-borne lidar for aerosol-cloud were proposed. Finally, the technical characteristics and development direction of the current space-borne lidar for aerosol-cloud were analyzed. The technical direction and development suggestions for the development of space-borne lidar for cloud-aerosol were proposed in China. -
表 1 LITE探测任务
Table 1. Detection mission of the LITE
Troposphere Stratosphere Cloud Earth’s surface Relationship between aerosol scattering ratio and wavelength height and structure of PBL Optical thickness of PBL Relationship between aerosol scattering ratio and wavelength atmospheric density and temperature within 40 km Vertical distribution, cloud cover reflectivity, optical thickness Reflectivity relation between backscatter and incident angle 表 2 激光器性能参数
Table 2. Laser performance parameters
Item Value Output wavelenth/nm 1 064 532 355 Laser A output energy/mJ 470 530 170 Laser A beam divergence/mrad 1.8 1.1 0.9 Laser B output energy/mJ 440 560 160 Laser B beam divergence/mrad 1.8 1.2 1.1 Pulse repetition rate/Hz 10 Pulse width/ns 27 表 3 接收系统参数
Table 3. Receiving system parameters
Item Value Aft optics Wavelength/nm 1 064 532 355 Quantum efficiency 33 14 21 Color filter bandwidth/nm 675 265 60 Interference filter bandwidth/nm 0.8 0.35 1 Interference gilter transmission 46% 45% 33% Optical throughput (night) 64% 45% 42% Optical throughput (day) 29% 20% 14% Field of view (all wavelengths) Selectable:1.1 mrad, 3.5 mrad, annular, blocked Telescope Primary mirror diameter/in 37.25 Secondary mirror diameter/in 12.25 Focal length 189.0 Focal ratio F/5.1 Obscuration ratio 0.11 表 4 CALIOP发射系统参数
Table 4. CALIOP transmitter system parameters
Item Value Laser Diode-pumped Nd:YAG Pulse energy 110 mJ:1 064 nm 110 mJ:532 nm Pep rate 20.16 Hz Pulse length 20 ns Line width 30 pm Polarization purity >1 000∶1 (532 nm) Beam divergence $100\;{\text{μ} } {\rm{rad} }$ (after beam expander)Boresight range ±1°,1.6 μrad steps Laser environment 18 psia, dry air 表 5 CALIOP接收系统参数
Table 5. CALIOP receiving system parameters
Item Value Telescope diameter 1 m Field of view/mrad 130(full angle) Digitizer sample rate/MHz 10 Vertical sample spacing/m 15 Electronic bandwidth/MHz 2.0 Vertical resolution as determined by bandwidth/m 30 Digitizer resolution/bits 14 Maximum dynamic range(merged) 2.5 E6(>21 bits) 532 nm channel Detector PMT Etalon passband/pm 37 Etalon peak transmission 85% Blocking filter/pm 770 1 064 nm channel Detector APD Optical passband/pm 450 Peak transmission 84% 表 6 CATS主要科学模式
Table 6. CATS main science modes
Science mode 1
Backsctter:532,1 064 nm
No HSRL Depolarization:
532,1 064 nmScience mode 2
Backsctter:532,1 064 nm
HSRL:532 nm Depolarization:
1 064 nmScience mode 3
Backsctter:355,532,1 064 nm
No HSRL Depolarization:
532,1 064 nmScience modes 4,5,6
Backup mode
Use laser 2 and receiver
from mode 1表 7 激光器1性能参数
Table 7. Performance parameters of laser 1
Item Parameters Laser1 Nd:YVO4 Repetition rate 5 000 Hz Output divergence 532 nm:0.75 mrad to 1.125 mrad 1 064 nm: 0.75 mrad to 1.8 mrad Output beam diameter 532 nm:<1 300 1 064 nm:<1 300 Output beam energy 2 mJ: 532 nm 2 mJ: 1 064 nm Wavelength 532.12 nm 1 064.25 nm Line width 532 nm:45 pm 1 064 nm:100 nm Pulse width 532 nm:<10 ns 1 064 nm:<10 ns M2 532 nm:1.1-1.2 1 064 nm:1.2-13 Polarization 532 nm:>100:1 532 nm: >100:1 表 8 激光器2性能参数
Table 8. Performance parameters of laser 2
Laser2 Injection-seeded, pulsed Nd: YVO4 2 wavelengths 3 wavelengths Repetition rate 4000 Hz Output divergence 355 nm N/A 0.7 mrad to 1.875 mrad 532 nm 0.75 mrad to 1.125 mrad 1.275 mrad to 1.875 mrad 1 064 nm 0.75 mrad to 1.8 mrad 1.275 mrad to
3 mradOutput beam diameter 355 nm N/A <1300 532 nm <1300 1 064 nm Output beam energy 355 nm N/A 2 mJ 532 nm 2 mJ 1 064 nm Wavelength 355 nm N/A 354.75 532 nm 532.12 nm 532.12 nm 1 064 nm 1064.25 nm 1064.25 nm Line width 355 nm N/A 0.08 pm 532 nm <0.5 pm 0.145 pm 1 064 nm 0.5 pm Pulse width 355 nm N/A <10 ns 532 nm <10 ns 1 064 nm M2 355 nm N/A 1.08 532 nm 1.25 1.5 1 064 nm 1.39 3.1 Polarization 355 nm N/A >100∶1 532 nm >100∶1 1 064 nm -
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