Nonlinear metasurfaces: harmonic generation and ultrafast control
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摘要: 超构表面是指由亚波长结构构成的纳米光学天线阵列。在合适的激发条件下,纳米天线可以产生共振,实现近场增强,进而增强非线性光学效应。相较于传统非线性光学晶体,超构表面集成度较高,有利于实现小型化的高效非线性光源。由于光只传播亚波长的距离,针对非线性谐波产生等应用,超构表面具有无需考虑相位匹配的优势。此外,超构表面具有亚波长的空间分辨率,通过对结构单元的设计和排列,可以实现对非线性谐波的相位、偏振和振幅的灵活调控。该综述针对超构表面在光学频率转换、非线性波前调控以及超快全光调控等领域的国内外近期工作进行了总结,并对非线性超构表面在走向实际应用中面临的挑战和进一步的发展方向进行了展望。Abstract: Metasurfaces refer to the optical nanoantenna arrays composed of subwavelength structures. Nanoantennas can have resonances under appropriate excitation conditions, to achieve near-field enhancement, and thus enhancing nonlinear optical effects. Compared with conventional nonlinear optical crystals, metasurfaces are more compact, with the possibility for on-chip integration. Due to the subwavelength light-matter interaction length, for applications such as nonlinear harmonic generation, metasurfaces does not suffer from the limitation of phase-matching. In addition, metasurfaces own the subwavelength spatial resolution. By designing and arranging the meta-atoms, metasurfaces can realize flexible control of the phase, polarization, and amplitude of the harmonic wave. Recent works on nonlinear metasurfaces for applications in optical frequency conversion, nonlinear wavefront control and ultrafast all-optical modulation were reviewed, the challenges and perspectives for the practical application of metasurfaces were presented.
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Key words:
- metasurfaces /
- frequency conversion /
- nonlinear wavefront control /
- ultrafast modulation
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图 1 非线性超构表面的二次谐波产生。 (a) 几种不同结构的金属超构表面 ;(b) 具有高损伤阈值的TiN等离子体超构表面; (c) 支持米氏谐振的砷化镓超构表面; (d)支持法诺谐振的砷化镓超构表面;(e) 支持BIC模式的铝镓砷超构表面;(f) 等离子体与子带间跃迁耦合的多量子阱超构表面 ;(g) 电场诱导二次谐波产生的硅基超构表面
Figure 1. Nonlinear metasurfaces for second-harmonic generation. (a) Several metallic metasurfaces based on different structures; (b) TiN plasmonic metasurface with high damage threshold; (c) GaAs metasurface supporting Mie resonance; (d) GaAs metasurface supporting Fano resonance; (e) AlGaAs metasurface supporting BIC mode; (f) Multi-quantum-well metasurface with plasmon coupled to intersubband transitions; (g) Silicon metasurface with electric-field-induced-second-harmonic-generation
图 2 非线性超构表面的三次谐波产生。(a) 几种不同结构的金属超构表面;(b) 支持米氏谐振的硅基超构表面;(c) 支持法诺谐振的硅基超构表面;(d) 支持anapole模式的硅基超构表面;(e)支持BIC模式的硅基超构表面
Figure 2. Nonlinear metasurfaces for third-harmonic generation. (a) Several metallic metasurfaces based on different structures; (b) Silicon metasurface supporting Mie resonance;(c) Silicon metasurface supporting Fano resonance; (d) Silicon metasurface supporting anapole mode; (e) Silicon metasurface supporting BIC mode
图 3 非线性超构表面的高次谐波产生。(a)利用金属超构表面实现近场增强的气态高次谐波源;(b) 等离子体增强的金属-蓝宝石超构表面;(c)等离子体增强的金属-硅复合超构表面;(d) 支持法诺谐振的硅基超构表面;(e)支持磁偶极谐振的砷化镓超构表面
Figure 3. Nonlinear metasurfaces for high-harmonic generation. (a) Gaseous high harmonic sources with near-field enhancement based on a metallic metasurface; (b) Plasmon-enhanced metal-sapphire metasurface; (c) Plasmon-enhanced hybrid metal-silicon metasurface; (d) Silicon metasurface supporting Fano resonance; (e) GaAs metasurface supporting magnetic-dipole resonance
图 5 非线性超构表面的波前调控。(a) 利用非线性几何相位实现不同阶次谐波的偏折;(b)利用非线性传播相位实现三次谐波的偏折和涡旋光产生;(c)利用金属超构表面实现的基频与不同手性二次谐波的全息图;(d)利用金属超构表面实现的正交偏振的全息图;(e) 利用硅基超构表面实现的三次谐波全息图;(f) 利用金属超构表面实现的二次谐波光学涡旋;(g)利用金属超构表面实现的二次谐波偏振调控
Figure 5. Nonlinear metasurfaces for wavefront control. (a) Using nonlinear geometric phase to achieve deflection of different orders of harmonics; (b) Using nonlinear propagation phase to achieve deflection and vortex light generation of third-harmonic signal; (c) Holograms of the fundamental frequency and the different chirality-dependent second-harmonics based on a metallic metasurface; (d) Holograms of orthogonal polarization based on a metallic metasurface; (e) Third-harmonic holograms based on a silicon metasurface; (f) Optical vortices of second-harmonics based on a metallic metasurface; (g) Polarization manipulation of second-harmonics based on a metallic metasurface
图 6 非线性超构表面的超快调控。 (a)硅基超构表面实现全光调控;(b) 金属超构表面实现全光调控;(c) ITO作为弛豫通道的金属超构表面;(d)金属与ITO复合的强耦合超构表面;(e)金属超构表面作为可饱和吸收体实现的激光调Q与锁模
Figure 6. Nonlinear metasurfaces for ultrafast control. (a) All-optical control based on a silicon metasurface ; (b) All-optical control based on a metallic metasurface; (c) Metallic metasurface with the relaxation channel of ITO; (d) Strong-coupled metasurface combined with metal and ITO; (e) Laser Q-switching and mode-locking with metallic metasurface as a saturable absorber
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