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防空导弹引战配合规律研究武器系统规定杀伤空域和制导精度等限定条件下,引信启动区与战斗部杀伤区协调的问题,保证导弹对目标的有效毁伤,满足武器系统对单发杀伤概率的指标要求。引战配合规律与引信启动特性、战斗部毁伤特性、脱靶量、脱靶方位、弹目相对速度、弹目交会角等因素密切相关。下面分别对平行交会条件、非平行交会条件进行分析。
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防空导弹拦截目标在理论平行交会条件下的引战配合情况如图1所示。图中,Vr为弹目相对速度,Vm为导弹速度,Vt为目标速度,ρ为脱靶量,φf为引信视场倾角,φa为引信启动角,φw为战斗部破片动态飞散角,Ld为引战配合距离,L1为引信波束中心与战斗部破片飞散中心距离,L2为目标易损中心与头部距离,Rmt为引信测得的弹目距离。
对于已知目标,可以通过分析研究获得散射特性和易损特性,最优引战配合就是控制战斗部破片动态飞散带命中目标易损中心,最佳引战延时τ可表示为:
$$\left\{ \begin{aligned} & \tau = {L_{\rm{d}}}/{V_{\rm{r}}} \\ &{L_{\rm{d}}} = {L_1} + {L_2} + \rho \cot \left( {{\varphi _{\rm{a}}}} \right) - \rho \cot \left( {{\varphi _{\rm{w}}}} \right) \end{aligned} \right.$$ (1) 由公式(1)可知,不考虑引信视场倾角和战斗部破片静态飞散角在工程产品上的不一致性,则最佳引战延时与脱靶方位无关,实际拦截过程中只需测得脱靶量ρ和弹目相对速度Vr即可准确计算。
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防空导弹拦截目标的实际情况几乎都是非平行交会条件,导弹和目标的攻角和侧滑角均需考虑,并且脱靶方位θ也将对最佳引战延时τ产生影响,如图2所示。
图2中,由于弹目相对速度矢量和导弹弹轴和目标纵轴不平行,导致战斗部破片动态飞散角在圆周方向上变化,不再是固定值,可用φw(θ)表示,即图示中的φw和φw’不相等。这就导致导弹从目标不同脱靶方位上过靶时,最佳引战延时也不再是固定值,无法用诸如公式(1)的数值公式解算得到。参考文献[9]详细阐述了影响引战配合的因素,参考文献[10]对早晚到这种复杂现象也有深入研究,结果表明,在弹目非平行交会条件下,最佳引战延时是一个受多变量影响的非解析函数。工程应用中通过融合弹上所能获取的各类信息设计引战配合规律,仅是对最佳引战延时的一种逼近,需要通过大量数值仿真计算验证在全空域范围内对目标的毁伤效果,达到单发杀伤概率这一关键技术指标。
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一种八通道激光引信如图4所示,视场倾角60°,最大作用距离8 m,测距精度1 m,目标脱靶方位识别精度45°。与其配合的是八方位偏心起爆定向战斗部,中心起爆时的破片初速为2 100 m/s,距爆心6 m处的破片密度为85 枚/m2,偏心起爆时的增益区破片初速提高20%,密度提高15%。引战配合规律融合了主动导引头测得的弹目相对速度、引信测得的弹目距离、脱靶方位、目标类型,典型目标为战斗机和巡航导弹,制导精度为5 m(落入以目标中心为圆心的5 m圆内的概率为95%)。
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选取10条典型弹道条件(如表1所示)采用蒙特卡洛法开展引战配合仿真计算,单发杀伤概率P1的结果对比见图5~图7。
表 1 典型交会条件的仿真参数
Table 1. Typical encounter parameters for simulation
Trajectory number Target parameters Hit position parameters Name Vt/m·s–1 Height/m Range/m Course shortcut/m 1 BGM-109 240 500 14 972 2 500 2 BGM-109 240 1 500 9 900 1 000 3 BGM-109 240 1 500 17 458 800 4 BGM-109 240 3 000 5 564 0 5 BGM-109 240 1 500 15 090 500 6 F-22 300 1 000 9 070 3 000 7 F-22 300 1 000 14 055 1 000 8 F-22 300 3 000 8 900 0 9 F-22 300 5 000 7 977 1 000 10 F-22 300 1 500 10 020 150 经统计,引入激光引信测得的弹目距离信息可使单发杀伤概率提高2.4%~10.2%,引入激光引信测得的脱靶方位可使单发杀伤概率提高2.1%~5.8%。若系统将BGM-109误判为飞机类目标,将导致单发杀伤概率降至0左右;若系统将F-22误判为导弹类目标,将导致单发杀伤概率下降50%左右。而辅以激光引信目标识别算法,或应用成像激光引信技术则可进一步降低误判概率。
Research on application of laser fuze for efficient fuze-warhead coordination in the air-defense missile
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摘要: 激光引信通过周向多通道布局可以实现对导弹类目标的无盲区探测,以轮流主动窄脉冲探测方式,能够获得弹目距离、脱靶方位、目标类型等信息,同时因其窄波束、无旁瓣的特点具有较小的启动区散布,为防空导弹的高效引战配合提供了重要技术途径。在分析防空导弹引战配合影响因素的基础上,设计了一种基于八通道周视激光引信的引战系统总体方案,融合了激光引信测得的弹目距离、脱靶方位和目标类型等信息。典型弹道条件下的引战配合仿真计算结果表明,单发杀伤概率在有激光引信信息时最多可提升10%以上,可为防空导弹引战系统和激光引信总体设计提供借鉴。Abstract: The laser fuze can realize omnidirectional detection of missile targets through the circumferential multi-channel layout, its active-rotational-narrow pulse detection method can obtain the information about missile-target distance, miss azimuth angle and target type. At the same time, due to the characteristics of narrow beam and no side lobes, the fuze initiation zone has a small distribution area. All of these factors provide an important technical approach for efficient fuze-warhead coordination. Based on the analysis of the influence factors of air-defense missile fuze-warhead coordination, a fuze-warhead system scheme with eight-channel circumferential laser fuze was designed, combined with missile-target distance, miss azimuth, and target type. The fuze-warhead coordination simulation results in conditions of typical encounter parameters indicate that, the kill probability of single missile could be obtained to a maximum of 10% with the laser fuze information. It is useful for optimal design.
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Key words:
- laser fuze /
- fuze-warhead coordination /
- air-defense missile
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表 1 典型交会条件的仿真参数
Table 1. Typical encounter parameters for simulation
Trajectory number Target parameters Hit position parameters Name Vt/m·s–1 Height/m Range/m Course shortcut/m 1 BGM-109 240 500 14 972 2 500 2 BGM-109 240 1 500 9 900 1 000 3 BGM-109 240 1 500 17 458 800 4 BGM-109 240 3 000 5 564 0 5 BGM-109 240 1 500 15 090 500 6 F-22 300 1 000 9 070 3 000 7 F-22 300 1 000 14 055 1 000 8 F-22 300 3 000 8 900 0 9 F-22 300 5 000 7 977 1 000 10 F-22 300 1 500 10 020 150 -
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