基于Re:YAG-SiO<sub>2</sub>光纤的单频光纤激光器研究进展（特邀）

魏振帅; 谢永耀; 邵贤彬; 刘俊都; 赵微; 赵显; 张行愚; 赵智刚; 丛振华; 刘兆军

doi:10.3788/IRLA20220133

基于Re:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频光纤激光器研究进展（特邀）

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220133

魏振帅^1,,
谢永耀²,
邵贤彬²,
刘俊都¹,
赵微²,
赵显¹,
张行愚^{1, 2},
赵智刚^{1, 2},
丛振华^{1, 2,},
刘兆军^{1, 2}

1.
山东大学激光与红外系统教育部重点实验室，山东青岛 266237
2.
山东大学信息科学与工程学院山东省激光技术与应用重点实验室，山东青岛 266237

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(62075116，62075117)；山东省自然科学基金(ZR2019 MF039，ZR2020 MF114)；山东大学齐鲁青年学者启动基金

详细信息

作者简介:
魏振帅，男，硕士生，主要从事新型特种光纤制制备技术、单频光纤激光器方面的研究

中图分类号: TN248.1

Research progress of single-frequency fiber laser based on Re: YAG-SiO₂ fiber (Invited)

1.
Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266237, China
2.
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, School of Information Science and Engineering,Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (62075116，62075117)；Shandong Provincial Natural Foundation(ZR2019 MF039，ZR2020 MF114)；Shandong University Qilu Young Scholars Foundation

摘要: Re:YAG-SiO₂多组分玻璃光纤是以Re:YAG作为纤芯材料，以石英管作为包层材料，采用熔芯法利用拉丝塔在高温下拉制的特种光纤，具有掺杂浓度高、增益大、机械强度高、易与石英光纤熔接等优点，适用于短腔单频光纤激光器。文中介绍了Re:YAG-SiO₂光纤的制备工艺，结合笔者课题组在该领域的研究工作，综述了近年来基于Re:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频激光技术在1.0 μm，1.5 μm及2.0 μm波段的研究进展，并对Re:YAG-SiO₂光纤的制备及基于该类光纤单频激光器所存在的问题进行了归纳分析，对未来的发展进行了展望。
- 单频激光 /
- 光纤激光器 /
- Re:YAG-SiO₂光纤 /
- 钇铝硅酸盐光纤
Abstract: Re:YAG-SiO₂ multicomponent glass fiber is fabricated by a molten core method, in which a Re:YAG is used as the core material and a quartz tube is used as the cladding material. It has the advantages of high doping concentration, high mechanical strength, and is easy to fuse with quartz fiber. Recently, the single-frequency fiber laser has been studied extensively based on the Re:YAG-SiO₂ fiber. In this paper, the development of the Re:YAG-SiO₂ fiber fabrication and the single-frequency laser technology based on Re:YAG-SiO₂ fiber in 1.0 μm, 1.5 μm and 2.0 μm were reviewed. The difficulties and challenges of Re:YAG-SiO₂ fiber fabrication and single-frequency laser based on this type of fiber were also given.
- single-frequency laser /
- fiber laser /
- Re:YAG-SiO₂ fiber /
- yttrium aluminum silicate fiber

图 1 熔芯法示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of molten core method

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图 2 (a) 二次拉制示意图^[39]；(b)~(g) YAG、Nd:YAG、Yb:YAG、Er:YAG、Er/Yb:YAG、Tm:YAG-SiO₂光纤的显微端面图

Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of twice drawing^[39]; (b)-(g) Optical micrograph of the cross-section for YAG, Yb:YAG, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Er/Yb:YAG, Tm:YAG-SiO₂ fiber

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图 3 Nd³⁺离子能级结构图

Figure 3. Energy level structure of Nd³⁺

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图 4 (a) 单频激光器装置图；(b) F-P干涉仪测量的纵模特性^[47]

Figure 4. (a) Schematic diagram of single-frequency laser; (b) Longitudinal mode characteristics by F-P interferometer^[47]

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图 5 (a) 单频激光器装置；(b) 输出功率与泵浦功率的关系；(c) 输出光谱^[49]

Figure 5. (a) Schematic diagram of single-frequency laser; (b) Output power with respect to pump power; (c) Output spectrum^[49]

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图 6 Yb³⁺离子能级结构图^[54]

Figure 6. Energy level structure of Yb^{3+ [54]}

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图 7 (a) 单频激光器示意图；(b) 输出功率与泵浦功率的关系； (c) 输出光谱^[56]

Figure 7. (a) Schematic diagram of single-frequency laser; (b) Output power with respect to pump power; (c) Output spectrum^[56]

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图 8 (a) 实验装置图；(b) 内部结构；(c) 洛伦兹拟合的自外差信号；(d) Labview操作界面；(e) 样机；(f) 输出功率稳定性^[57]

Figure 8. (a) Schematic diagram of experiment; (b) Internal structure; (c) Self-heterodyne signal with Lorentzian fitted linewidth; (d) Operation interface of Labview;(e) Prototype; (f) Output power stability^[57]

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图 9 (a) 放大器示意图；(b) 输出功率和后向光功率与泵浦功率的关系；(c) 放大前后的激光线宽^[58]

Figure 9. (a) Schematic diagram of amplifier device; (b) Output power and backward optical power with respect to pump power; (c) Laser linewidth before and after amplification^[58]

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图 10 (a) 单频激光器示意图；(b) 输出功率与泵浦功率的关系；(c) 洛伦兹拟合的自外差信号^[60]

Figure 10. (a) Schematic diagram of single-frequency laser; (b) Output power with respect to pump power; (c) Self-heterodyne signal with Lorentzian fitted linewidth^[60]

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图 11 (a) 基于CO₂激光加热的熔芯法；(b) 输出功率与泵浦功率的关系^[62]

Figure 11. (a) Molten core method based on CO₂ laser-heated; (b) Output power with respect to pump power^[62]

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图 12 Er³⁺离子能级结构图^[54]

Figure 12. Energy level structure of Er^3+[54]

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图 13 (a) 单频激光器示意图；(b) 输出功率与泵浦吸收功率的关系；(c) F-P干涉仪测量的纵模特性；(d) 单脉冲波形^[39]

Figure 13. (a) Schematic diagram of single-frequency laser; (b) Output power with respect to pump absorption power; (c) Longitudinal mode characteristics by F-P interferometer; (d) Typical trace of single pulse^[39]

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图 14 (a) 管内共熔法示意图；(b) 输出光谱；(c) F-P干涉仪测量的纵模特性^[54]

Figure 14. (a) Schematic of the co-melt in tube method; (b) Output spectrum; (c) Longitudinal mode characteristics by F-P interferometer^[54]

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图 15 Tm³⁺离子能级结构图

Figure 15. Energy level structure of Tm³⁺

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图 16 (a) 单频激光器示意图；(b) 输出光谱；(c) F-P干涉仪测量的纵模特性；(d) 输出功率与泵浦功率、泵浦吸收功率的关系

Figure 16. (a) Schematic diagram of single-frequency laser; (b) Output spectrum; (c) Longitudinal mode characteristics by F-P inter-ferometer; (d) Output power with respect to pump power and pump absorption power

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表 1 基于Nd:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频激光器研究进展

Table 1. Research progress of single-frequency fiber laser based on Nd:YAG-SiO₂ fiber

Core precursor	Gain /dB·cm^-1	Gain fiber length /cm	Power /mW	Slope efficiency	Refs
Nd:YAG ceramic (5.0-at.%)	1.57@ 1064 nm	1.8	-	6%	[47]
Nd:YAG crystal (2.5-at.%)	1.49@ 1064 nm	0.9	2.58	1.26%	[48]
Nd:YAG crystal (2.5-at.%)	1.16@ 915 nm	0.6	0.1	0.11%	[50]

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表 2 基于Yb:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频激光器研究进展

Table 2. Research progress of single-frequency fiber laser based on Yb:YAG-SiO₂ fiber

Gain fiber					Wavelength/ nm	Output power/ mW	Slope efficiency	OSNR/ dB	RMS	Linewidth/ kHz	Refs
Core precursor	Doping/ wt.%	Gain/ dB·cm⁻¹	Transmission loss/ dB·cm⁻¹	NA	Wavelength/ nm	Output power/ mW	Slope efficiency	OSNR/ dB	RMS	Linewidth/ kHz	Refs
Yb:YAG ceramic	2.6	3@ 1064 nm	0.03@ 1550 nm	0.47	1064	-	3.8%	-	-	-	[55]
Yb:YAG Crystal	4.8	1.7@ 1064 nm	0.005@ 1550 nm	0.42	1064	110	18.5%	80	0.51%@ 1 h	93	[56]
Yb:YAG crystal	-	2.7@ 1064 nm	-	-	1064	105.6 MOPA	17.1% Seed	63	0.096%@ 48 h	3	[57]
Yb:YAG crystal	4.2	1.7@ 1064 nm	0.005@ 1550 nm	0.42	1066	60.6 Linear polariza-tion	16.6%	80	<2.2%@ 6 h	81	[58]
Yb:YAG crystal	4.8	1.7@ 1064 nm	0.005@ 1550 nm	0.42	1064	136 Pulse peak	-	>60	-	-	[54]
Yb:YAG crystal	4.8	1.7@ 1064 nm	0.005@ 1550 nm	0.42	1070	45	10.2%	60	0.36%@ 0.5 h	<4.3	[59]
Yb:YAG crystal	5.25	12.6@ 976 nm	0.06@ 1550 nm	0.50	976	17.8	12.1%	>45	-	<41	[60]
Yb:YAG crystal	5.66	4.4@ 1030 nm	-	0.42	1030	258	34.9%	79	<0.85% @ 13 h	171	[61]
Yb:YAG crystal	6.57	6.0@ 1030 nm	0.006@ 1550 nm	-	1030	103.5	18.3%	>63	0.65%@ 10 h	<7.5	[62]
Yb:YAG powder	4.53	-	0.054@ 1550 nm	0.26	1062	~42	15.3%	60	0.68% @ 1 h	230	[63]

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表 3 1.5 μm波段Re:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频激光器研究进展

Table 3. Research progress of single-frequency fiber laser based on Re:YAG-SiO₂ fiber in 1.5 μm band

Core precursor	Doping/wt.%	Gain/dB·cm^-1	Power/mW	Slope efficiency	Refs
Er:YAG ceramic	Er₂O₃: 2.96	1.46 @ 1550 nm	24.2	15.1%	[39]
Er:YAG crystal + Yb:YAG crystal	Er₂O₃: 2.51 Yb₂O₃:2.38	2.33@ 1550 nm	-	-	[54]

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4. 结　论

文中针对基于Re:YAG-SiO₂特种光纤单频光纤激光器的研究进展进行了全面综述，包括Re:YAG-SiO₂特种光纤的制备，表征及测试，不同稀土离子掺杂的YAG-SiO₂光纤在1.0 μm，1.5 μm和2.0 μm波段的单频激光及应用等。从目前的研究进展看，采用熔芯法制备基于Re:YAG-SiO₂的特种光纤，工艺相对简单，可以在光纤中灵活实现不同稀土离子掺杂。所制备的钇铝硅酸盐玻璃光纤，增益虽仍小于磷酸盐光纤，但高于常规的石英光纤，且具有较好的机械和热力学性能，有潜力成为一种通用的基质材料，应用于单频光纤激光器。

目前， Re:YAG-SiO₂光纤的制备及在单频光纤激光器的应用中尚存在一些问题，主要包括以下几个方面：首先，YAG与SiO₂折射率差较大，因此所制备光纤的数值孔径较大，与商用光纤熔接存在较大的模式失配损耗，需选择折射率等参数匹配的芯棒和套管，或掺入低折射率材料等方法降低数值孔径；其次，光纤制备过程中，YAG与SiO₂的相互挤压、扩散尚难以准确控制，影响光纤的稳定性，不同扩散程度也会影响稀土离子掺杂浓度和光纤数值孔径；第三，与传统石英光纤相比，Re:YAG-SiO₂特种光纤传输损耗较大，需要在拉制工艺、材料选择上进一步改进；第四，Re:YAG-SiO₂特种光纤的形成机制和光纤制备的理论模型，尚未建立，有待摸索；此外，目前国内外研究者所制备Re:YAG-SiO₂特种光纤的传输损耗、长距离均匀性等参数与成熟的石英光纤相比仍存在较大差距，限制Re:YAG-SiO₂特种光纤的应用范围；基于Re:YAG-SiO₂特种光纤的单频激光技术仍主要集中在小功率的单频激光器上，对于其在大功率的单频激光放大技术的研究较少，需进一步改进光纤制备工艺，探索双包层Re:YAG-SiO₂特种光纤的制备，拓展其在高功率光纤激光器的应用途径；最后，光纤性能参数对单频激光器噪声的影响也尚未进行系统报道，有待进一步研究。

参考文献 (66)

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基于Re:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频光纤激光器研究进展（特邀）

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220133

作者简介:
魏振帅，男，硕士生，主要从事新型特种光纤制制备技术、单频光纤激光器方面的研究

Research progress of single-frequency fiber laser based on Re: YAG-SiO₂ fiber (Invited)

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基于Re:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频光纤激光器研究进展（特邀）

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220133

1. 山东大学激光与红外系统教育部重点实验室，山东青岛 266237

2. 山东大学信息科学与工程学院山东省激光技术与应用重点实验室，山东青岛 266237

作者简介:
魏振帅，男，硕士生，主要从事新型特种光纤制制备技术、单频光纤激光器方面的研究

English Abstract

Research progress of single-frequency fiber laser based on Re: YAG-SiO₂ fiber (Invited)

1. Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266237, China

2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, School of Information Science and Engineering,Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China

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1.1. 基于Nd:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频光纤激光器

1.2. 基于Yb:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频光纤激光器

目录

留言板

基于Re:YAG-SiO2光纤的单频光纤激光器研究进展（特邀）

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220133

作者简介: 魏振帅，男，硕士生，主要从事新型特种光纤制制备技术、单频光纤激光器方面的研究

Research progress of single-frequency fiber laser based on Re: YAG-SiO2 fiber (Invited)

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基于Re:YAG-SiO2光纤的单频光纤激光器研究进展（特邀）

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20220133

1. 山东大学激光与红外系统教育部重点实验室，山东 青岛 266237 2. 山东大学 信息科学与工程学院 山东省激光技术与应用重点实验室，山东 青岛 266237

作者简介: 魏振帅，男，硕士生，主要从事新型特种光纤制制备技术、单频光纤激光器方面的研究

English Abstract

Research progress of single-frequency fiber laser based on Re: YAG-SiO2 fiber (Invited)

1. Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266237, China 2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, School of Information Science and Engineering,Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China

全文HTML

1.1. 基于Nd:YAG-SiO2光纤的单频光纤激光器

1.2. 基于Yb:YAG-SiO2光纤的单频光纤激光器

目录

基于Re:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频光纤激光器研究进展（特邀）

作者简介:
魏振帅，男，硕士生，主要从事新型特种光纤制制备技术、单频光纤激光器方面的研究

Research progress of single-frequency fiber laser based on Re: YAG-SiO₂ fiber (Invited)

基于Re:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频光纤激光器研究进展（特邀）

1. 山东大学激光与红外系统教育部重点实验室，山东青岛 266237

2. 山东大学信息科学与工程学院山东省激光技术与应用重点实验室，山东青岛 266237

作者简介:
魏振帅，男，硕士生，主要从事新型特种光纤制制备技术、单频光纤激光器方面的研究

Research progress of single-frequency fiber laser based on Re: YAG-SiO₂ fiber (Invited)

1. Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266237, China

2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Application, School of Information Science and Engineering,Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China

1.1. 基于Nd:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频光纤激光器

1.2. 基于Yb:YAG-SiO₂光纤的单频光纤激光器