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现代战场环境日趋复杂多变,多种干扰措施不断出现。单一制导模式的导引头各有优点,各有局限性,已经难以满足复杂战场环境及各种干扰条件下的作战需求[1]。多模复合导引头可以互相弥补单模制导的缺陷,发挥不同传感器在不同波段和光谱,对不同背景、目标和干扰的选择性探测和抑制的优点,采用关联置信度最小二乘法等进行复合导引头的俯仰和方位角偏差融合,实现更低的均方根误差[2],有利于提高制导武器的控制精度、作战效能和作战能力,形成显著应用特色和突出优势,是未来精确制导武器的发展趋势,更是光电导引头的主要发展方向。典型光电导引头的特点及其应用如表1所示。
Guidance system Advantages Disadvantages Jammings Typical application TV seeker High resolution, clear target image, which is conducive to the identification of true and false targets; passive detection, good concealment, not easy to expose itself Inability to work at night or in poor visibility Not affected by electromagnetic jamming, but susceptible to interference from battlefield occlusion, smoke, explosives, snow reflection and backlighting AGM-130
AGM-142
Kh-59Infrared seeker It can work day and night; the advantages of strong smoke penetration, high resolution, high sensitivity, high information update rate, etc.; suitable for high-speed maneuvering small targets, complex ground objects background moving targets or hidden targets; target recognition ability, targeting point recognition options strong ability and anti-jamming ability; passive search method, good attack concealment The detector has a long refrigeration time. If you carry a gas cylinder, the guarantee requirements are high and the cost is relatively high Although it is not affected by radio jamming, it may be interfered by infrared decoys, infrared smoke screens, infrared jammers, infrared directional, etc., clouds reflected sunlight, infrared and other heat sources to lure, deviate and lose the target SLAM-ER
JASSM
JSOW
AIM-9X
ASRAAM
LRASMLaser semi-active seeker High guidance accuracy, strong anti-jamming ability of laser coding, can be combined with TV, infrared or radar, etc. to form a composite guidance feature, the guidance system is small in size, light in weight, and relatively cost-effective It is susceptible to weather conditions and cannot be used all-weather; before the missile hits the target, the laser beam must always illuminate the target, and the aircraft or other platforms can be easily detected by the enemy and attacked. Affected by jamming such as high repetition frequency laser, laser suppression, laser blinding (dazzling) jamming, laser active deception, etc. PAVEWAY
PYROS
AGM-114
APKWSⅡTV/infrared composite seeker TV and infrared can work independently at the same time, time-sharing and shifting work in sections, giving full play to their respective advantages and restraining their respective disadvantages. Added the capabilities and advantages of pixel-level fusion feature extraction, feature-level fusion target recognition and tracking, decision -level fusion control SPIKE
MMPUncooled infrared/laser semi-active composite seeker Uncooled infrared and laser semi-active can work independently at the same time, time-sharing and shifting work in sections, giving full play to their respective advantages and restraining their respective disadvantages. Can significantly expand the working distance of uncooled infrared, and has certain information fusion control capabilities and advantages SDBⅡ
PAMTV/uncooled infrared/laser semi-active composite seeker Combining the advantages and disadvantages of TV, uncooled infrared and laser semi-active. The overall system is relatively complex, difficult to design, verify and manufacture, and costly. It has pixel-level fusion feature extraction, feature-level fusion target recognition and tracking, decision-level integrated information fusion control capabilities, and strong comprehensive anti-jamming capabilities SPIKE NLOS Table 1. Characteristics and application of typical photoelectric seeker
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不同制导体制的光电导引头实现末制导作用距离各有优势。可见光导引头受能见度影响很大,能见度越好、目标与背景对比度越大,导引头发现识别目标的距离越远;反之,发现识别距离越短。在电视导引头的典型应用中,作用距离为10 km左右,最远可达15 km以上。针对不同导弹的平台和目标,制冷型红外成像导引头典型作用距离可达10 km以上。非制冷型红外成像导引头锁定敌方有效距离相对较短,典型作用距离在3~4 km左右。激光半主动导引头典型作用距离可达10 km以上。单模非制冷红外导引头作用距离较近,若采用电视与非制冷红外构成的双模复合导引头,在非制冷有效作用距离之外利用电视单模工作,近距离交接班给红外或者电视/红外双模同时工作,拓展了非制冷红外单模导引头导弹的作用距离;同理,采用非制冷红外与激光半主动构成的双模复合导引头,作用距离较远的激光拓展了非制冷红外单模的作用距离。所以,相对于作用距离较近的单模非制冷红外导引头而言,双模或多模光电复合技术具有拓展该类导弹末制导作用距离的能力。
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电视制导的缺点是不能在夜晚和能见度低的时段有效工作,主要优点是在白天成像效果较好。红外制导探测目标的红外辐射,具有昼夜均能使用、穿透烟雾能力强的特点,受天气影响较小,虽然优点很多,但是非制冷红外受探测器灵敏度制约,仍然易受环境影响,在白天的某些时段成像质量差,甚至不能较好地满足末制导使用要求。无论是电视制导,还是红外制导,都是成像制导,采用图像处理和自动目标识别跟踪技术,具有“发射后不管”、抗干扰能力强的特点,而且是完全被动探测,攻击隐蔽性好。激光半主动导引头捕获从目标反射的激光束在四象限光电探测器上形成的斑,采用和差比幅设计进行目标角位置解算,将目标信号角度误差转化为导引头视线角速度信号,送至弹上计算机用于控制制导导弹飞向目标,制导精度高,其致命弱点即易受云雨、雾霾天气和战场条件的影响,而且武器平台持续照射目标容易暴露自身,招致干扰和反击,甚至威胁发射平台安全。
为了更好地适应导弹全天候全天时精确制导应用需求,选用白天探测成像效果较好的电视与夜间探测成像效果较好的红外进行复合,互相取长补短,形成制导系统全天候全天时综合性能优势,达到战技术指标和成本等设计约束综合平衡。目前工程应用的光电复合制导主要有非制冷红外/电视、非制冷红外/激光半主动、非制冷红外/电视/激光半主动等双模或多模复合导引头,经复合能较好地满足全天候全天时的作战要求。
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战场环境的复杂性使得导弹要承担打击车辆(装甲、非装甲)、建筑类(民用建筑、军事工事等)、舰船、飞机等多种类型目标,目标和背景特性差别很大。导弹还要抵御烟雾、箔条、诱饵等多种有源和无源干扰[3],干扰特征如图1[4]所示。光电导引头提升其抗干扰能力极其重要。电视导引头容易受海面和雪地等强阳光反射、逆光饱和、战场火光、烟尘等干扰影响;红外导引头容易受红外烟幕、红外干扰弹、红外诱饵等干扰影响,激光半主动导引头容易受高重频、激光压制和激光诱偏等干扰影响。无论是可见光、红外,还是激光制导技术发展到今天,不仅有自身固有探测机理缺点导致的抗干扰问题,而且还面临作战对抗施加的有针对性的各种主动干扰威胁,传统单模光电导引头将越来越难于适应未来复杂对抗环境的作战要求。
Figure 1. Visual images of point (a) and multi-point (b) source decoys[4]
在工程应用中,采用共口径设计的红外、电视和激光半主动多模复合光电导引头,其不同的探测分系统同时工作,当激光通道受到高重频或激光压制等干扰时,不会影响电视和红外探测正常工作,导引头仍然能够满足末制导的需求,从而大大提高了复合抗干扰能力。同时,还可以按照导弹飞行的不同阶段采用中继串联分段引导的方式,比如激光截获目标后引导红外或电视被动分系统锁定跟踪目标,或者直接进行交接班工作,既提高了抗复杂干扰的能力,红外和电视被动探测制导体制又提高了导弹隐蔽性和安全性,避免因自身曝露遭受攻击。
Research on application technology of advanced photoelectric seeker
doi: 10.3788/IRLA20210531
- Received Date: 2021-08-03
- Rev Recd Date: 2021-08-19
- Publish Date: 2021-09-23
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Key words:
- photoelectric seeker /
- multi-mode compound guidance /
- integrated miniaturization /
- automatic target recognition /
- low cost
Abstract: In order to meet the needs of smart munitions to respond to complex confrontation combat, with the upgrading of key components such as high-performance detectors and information processors, engineering applications of target recognition technology based on deep learning have emerged, aiming at the future development trend of a new generation of photoelectric seekers, the multi-mode composite guidancing system, integrated miniaturization, and intelligent practical applications and low-cost design were expounded. The advantages of using multi-mode composite photoelectric seekers such as visible light, infrared and laser were analyzed to extend the range of missile terminal guidance, adapt to all-weather all-day work, and improve anti-jamming capabilities. It is pointed out that the overall integration of the optical machine and the integration of the information processing system are the key technologies to solve the miniaturization of the composite seeker. The intelligent characteristics of seeker such as automatic target recognition and multi-projectile coordination are emphasized. Proposals are put forward to realize the low-cost engineering application of photoelectric seeker by using technologies such as miniaturized common aperture multi-mode photoelectric composite detection, integrated information processing, low-cost technical system, low-cost manufacturing technology and low-cost combat support.