Progress in magneto-conductance effect of organic light-emitting diode

Jia Xibei; Niu Lianbing; Huang Xiaoxue; Fu Xiaoqiang; Lv Jianfeng; Cui Yuting

Volume 44 Issue 1

Feb. 2015

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Article Navigation > Infrared and Laser Engineering > 2015 > 44(1): 162-169

Jia Xibei, Niu Lianbing, Huang Xiaoxue, Fu Xiaoqiang, Lv Jianfeng, Cui Yuting. Progress in magneto-conductance effect of organic light-emitting diode[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2015, 44(1): 162-169.

Citation:

Jia Xibei, Niu Lianbing, Huang Xiaoxue, Fu Xiaoqiang, Lv Jianfeng, Cui Yuting. Progress in magneto-conductance effect of organic light-emitting diode[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2015, 44(1): 162-169.

Progress in magneto-conductance effect of organic light-emitting diode

1.
Institute of Physics and Electronic Engineering,Chong Qing Normal University,Chongqing 401331,China

Received Date: 2014-05-20
Rev Recd Date: 2014-06-23
Publish Date: 2015-01-25

Abstract

The magneto-conductance effect is used to describe the changes of the current of the OLED (organic light-emitting diode), whose organic functional layer has no ferromagnetic material. In the presence of external magnetic field, the current in the device would be changed significantly since the diode is sensitive to the magnetic field. The magnitude of the magnetic field could be got through comparing the value of current with the curve of B-I which was measured and stored in the computer. Therefore, this special effect could be used to produce the new type of sensor of magnetic field. If the complex excited state and the process of spin relaxation in the OLED could be studied thoroughly, the new luminescence materials could be synthesized and the new structure could be designed which can help us improve the performances of OLED. Furthermore, the magnetic field can have a significant influence on the excited state process in the diode which can be a tool to study the underlying mechanisms of OLED. Up to now, the tremendous progress has been made in the field of magneto-conductance effect. This article summarized the background, progress, the major achievement and the possible microscopic mechanism in the field of magneto-conductance effect. In addition, the prospect in the field of magneto-conductance effect has been made.
- organic light-emmitting diode,
- magnetic field effect,
- hyperfine coupling,
- electron-hole pair

References

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[2]	Tang C W, VanSlyke S A. Organic electroluminescent diodes[J]. AppL Phys Lett, 1987, 51(12): 913-914.
[3]	Niu Lianbin, Zhang Fujia. Enhanced performance by inserting ultrathin SiO2 layer in organic light-emitting devices[J]. Phys Stat Sol, 2007, 204(3): 900-906.
[4]
[5]	Niu L, Guan Y, Kong C Y, et al. Highly efficient bipolar connecting layers for tandem organic light-emitting devices[J]. Appl Phys B, 2011, 105(4): 857-862.
[6]
[7]	Wu Qingyang, Xie Guohua, Zhang Zhensong, et al. Highly efficient all fluorescent white organic light-emitting devices made by sequential doping[J]. Acta Phys Sin, 2013, 62(19): 7204-7207. (in Chinese) 吴清洋, 谢国华, 张振松, 等. 基于连续性掺杂的高效全荧光白色有机电致发光器件的研究[J]. 物理学报, 2013, 62 (19): 197204-197207.
[8]
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[10]	Taeshik Earmme, Samson A Jenekhe. Improved electron injection and transport by use of baking soda as a low-cost, air-stable, n-dopant for solution-processed phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 102(23): 3305-3308.
[11]	Chen Ping. Control of the magnetic field effects in organic optoelectronic devices [D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2011. (in Chinese) 陈平. 有机光电子器件中的磁场效应调控[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2011.
[12]
[13]	Kalinowski J, Cocchi M, Virgili D P, et al. Magnetic field effects on emission and current in Alq3-based lectroluminescent diodes [J]. Chem Phys Lett, 2003, 380(5-6): 710-715.
[14]
[15]	Mermer , Veeraraghavan G, Francis T L, et al. Large magnetoresistance at room-temperature in small-molecular-weight organic semi-conductor sandwich devices [J]. Solid State Commun, 2005, 134(9): 631-636.
[16]
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[18]	Kalinowski J, Cocchi M, Virgili D P, et al. Magnetic field effects on organic electr ophosphorescence [J]. Phys Rev B, 2004, 70(20): 5303-5307.
[19]	Odaka H, Okimoto Y, Yamada T, et al. Control of magnetic-field effect on electroluminescence in Alq3-based organic light emitting diodes [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 88 (12): 3501-3503.
[20]
[21]	Shengh Y, Mermer , Wohlgenannt M, et al. Hyperfine interaction and magnetoresistance in organic semiconductors[J]. Phys Rev B, 2006, 74(4): 5213-5219.
[22]
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[24]	Prigodin V N, Bergeson J D, Lincoln D M, et al. Anomalous room temperature magnetoresistance in organic semiconductor[J]. Synth Metal, 2006, 156(9-10): 757-761.
[25]
[26]	Desai P, Shakya P, Kreouzis T, et al. Magnetoresistance and efficiency measurement of Alq3-based OLEDs [J]. Phys Rev B, 2007, 75(9): 4423-4425.
[27]	Hu B, Wu Y. Tuning magnetoresistance between positive and negative values in organic semiconductors [J]. Nat Mater, 2007, 6: 985-990.
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[37]	Bloom F L, Wagemans W, Kemerink M, et al. Separating positive and negative magnetore sistance in organic semiconductor devices [J]. Phys Rev Lett, 2007, 99 (25): 7201-7204.
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[40]	Bloom F L, Wagemans W, Kemerink M, et al. Correspondence of the sign change in organic magnetoresistance with the onset of bipolar charge transport[J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2008, 93(26): 3302-3303.
[41]	Bergeson J D, Prigodin V N, Lincoln D M, et al. Inversion of magnetoresistance in organic semiconductor [J]. Phys Rev Lett, 2008, 100(6): 7201-7204.
[42]
[43]
[44]	Xin L Y, Li C N, Li F, et al. Inversion of magnetic field effects on electrical current and el ectroluminescence in tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum based light-emitting diodes[J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95(12): 3303-3306.
[45]	Liu R, Zhang Y, Lei Y L, et al. Magnetic field dependent triplet-triplet annihilation in Alq3-based organic light emitting diodes at different temperatures [J]. J Appl Phys, 2009, 105: 093719.
[46]
[47]
[48]	Zhang Qiaoming. The magnetocondutance effect in organic optoelectronic devices [D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2011. (in Chinese) 张巧明. 有机光电器件的磁电导效应[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2012.
[49]
[50]	Knapp Ernst Walter, Schulten K. Magnetic field effect on the hyperfine-induced electron spin motion in radicals undergoing diamagnetic-paramagnetic exchange [J]. J Chem Phys, 1979, 71(4): 1878-1880.
[51]	Tiba M V. Organo-metallic structures for spintronic applications [D]. Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, 2009.
[52]
[53]	Baldo M A, Forrest S R. Transient analysis of organic electrophosphorescence.Ⅱ. Transient analysis of triplet energy transfer [J]. Phys Rev B, 2000, 62(16): 10967-10977.
[54]
[55]
[56]	Colle M, Grditz C. Delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) and their temperature dependence [J]. J Lumin, 2004, 110(4): 200-206.
[57]
[58]	Desai P, Shakya P,Kreouzis T, et al. Magnetoresistance in organic-light emitting diode structures under illumination [J]. Phys Rev B, 2007, 76(23): 235202-235202-5.
[59]	Desai P, Shakya P, Kreouzis T, et al. The role of magnetic fields on the transport and efficiency of aluminum tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) based organic light emitting diodes [J]. J Appl Phys, 2007, 102(7): 073710-073710-5.
[60]
[61]
[62]	Desai P, Shakya P, Kreouzis T, et al. Magnetoresistance and efficiency measurement of Alq3-based OLEDs [J]. Phys Rev B, 2007, 75(9): 094423-094423-5.
[63]	Wu Y, Hu B. Metal electrode effects on spin-orbital coupling and magnetoresistance in organic semiconductor devices [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 89(20): 203510-203510-3.
[64]
[65]
[66]	Wu Y, Xu Z, Hu B, et al. Tuning magnetoresistance and magnetic-field-dependent electroluminescence through mixing a strong-spin-orbital-coupling molecular and a weak-spin-orbital-coupling polymer [J]. Phys Rev B, 2007, 75 (3): 035214-035214-6.
[67]
[68]	Bobbert P A, Nguyen T D,Wohlgenannt M, et al. Bipolaron mechanism for organic Magnetoresistance [J]. Phys Rev Lett, 2007, 99(21): 216801-216801-3.
[69]	Nguyen T D, Sheng Y, Rybicki J, et al. Magnetic field-effects in bipolar, almost hole-only and almost electron-only tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum devices [J]. Phys Rev B, 2008, 77(23): 235209-235209-5.
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[72]	Xiong Z H, Di Wu, Z V Vardeny, et al. Giant magnetoresistance in organic spin-valves [J]. Nature, 2004, 427: 821-824.
[73]	Wu D, Xiong Z H, Li X G, et al. Magnetic-field-dependent carrier injection at La2/3Sr1/3MnO3/ and organic semiconductors interfaces[J]. Phys Rev Lett, 2005, 95(1): 016802-016802-4.
[74]
[75]	Davis A H, Bussmann K. Large magnetic field effects in organic light emitting diodes based on tris (8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum) (Alq3)/N, N'-Di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N, N diphenyl-benzidine (NPB) bilayers [J]. J Vac Sci Technol, 2004, 22(4): 1885-1891.
[76]
[77]	Mermer O, Veeraraghavan G, Francis T L, et al. Large magnetoresistance in nonmagnetic -conjugated semiconductor thin film devices [J]. Phys Rev B, 2005, 72(20): 205202-205202-12.
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[79]
[80]	Sheng Y, Nguyen T D, Veeraraghavan G, et al. Hyperfine interaction and magnetoresis tance in organic semiconductors[J]. Phys Rev B, 2006, 74(9): 045213-045213-9.
[81]	Veeraraghavan G, Nguyen T D, Sheng Y, et al. Magnetic field effects on current, elect roluminescence and photocurrent in organic light-emitting diodes [J]. J Phys: Cond Matter, 2007, 19(3): 036209-036222.
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[84]	Peng Qiming, Sun Jixiang, Li Xianjie, et al. Investigation of the magnetic field effects on electron mobility in tri-(8-hydroxyquinoline)-aluminum based light-emitting devices [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2011, 99(3): 033509-033509-3.
[85]	Odaka H, Okimoto Y, Yamada T, et al. Control of magnetic-field effect on electroluminescence in Alq3-based organic light emitting diodes [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 88 (12): 123501-123501-3.
[86]
[87]
[88]	Veeraraghavan G, Nguyen D T, Sheng Y. Magnetic field effects on current, electroluminescence and photocurrent in organic light-emitting diodes [J]. J Phys: Condens Mater, 2007, 19(3): 036209.
[89]	Rolfe N J, Heeney M, Wyatt P B. Elucidating the role of hyperfine interactions on organic magnetoresistance using deuterated aluminium tris (8-hydroxyquinoline)[J]. Phys Rev B, 2009, 80(24): 241201-241201-4.
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[92]	Wittmer M, Zshokke-Granacher I. Exciton-charge carrier interactions in the electroluminescence of crystalline anthracene [J]. J Chem Phys, 1975, 63(10): 4187-4194.
[93]
[94]	Xin L Y, Li C N, Li F, et al. Inversion of magnetic field effects on electrical current and el ectroluminescence in tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum based light-emitting diodes[J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95(12): 123306-123306-3.
[95]
[96]	Nguyen T D, Markosian G H, Wang F, et al. Isotope effect in spin response of -conjugated polymer films and devices[J]. Nature Mater, 2010, 9: 345-352.
[97]
[98]	Buchschuster A, Schmidt Tobia D, Br俟tting W. Evidence for different origins of the magnetic field effect on current and electroluminescence in organic light-emitting diodes [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 100(12): 123302-123302-3.
[99]
[100]	Lei Y L, Zhang Q M, Chen L J, et al. Identifying the roles of the excited states on the magnetoconductance in tris-(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum[J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2013, 102 (11): 113301-113101-3.
[101]	Belaid R, Barhoumi T, Hachani L, et al. Magnetic field effect on recombination light in anthracene crystal [J]. Synth Met, 2002, 131(1-3): 23-30.
[102]
[103]	Wiebe Wagemans, Bert Koopmans. Spin transport and magnetoresistance in organic semiconductors [J]. Phys Status Solidi B, 2011, 248(5): 1029-1041.

Proportional views

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Progress in magneto-conductance effect of organic light-emitting diode

1. Institute of Physics and Electronic Engineering,Chong Qing Normal University,Chongqing 401331,China

Received Date: 2014-05-20

Rev Recd Date: 2014-06-23

Publish Date: 2015-01-25

Key words:

Abstract: The magneto-conductance effect is used to describe the changes of the current of the OLED (organic light-emitting diode), whose organic functional layer has no ferromagnetic material. In the presence of external magnetic field, the current in the device would be changed significantly since the diode is sensitive to the magnetic field. The magnitude of the magnetic field could be got through comparing the value of current with the curve of B-I which was measured and stored in the computer. Therefore, this special effect could be used to produce the new type of sensor of magnetic field. If the complex excited state and the process of spin relaxation in the OLED could be studied thoroughly, the new luminescence materials could be synthesized and the new structure could be designed which can help us improve the performances of OLED. Furthermore, the magnetic field can have a significant influence on the excited state process in the diode which can be a tool to study the underlying mechanisms of OLED. Up to now, the tremendous progress has been made in the field of magneto-conductance effect. This article summarized the background, progress, the major achievement and the possible microscopic mechanism in the field of magneto-conductance effect. In addition, the prospect in the field of magneto-conductance effect has been made.

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Reference (103)

[1]
[2]	Tang C W, VanSlyke S A. Organic electroluminescent diodes[J]. AppL Phys Lett, 1987, 51(12): 913-914.
[3]	Niu Lianbin, Zhang Fujia. Enhanced performance by inserting ultrathin SiO2 layer in organic light-emitting devices[J]. Phys Stat Sol, 2007, 204(3): 900-906.
[4]
[5]	Niu L, Guan Y, Kong C Y, et al. Highly efficient bipolar connecting layers for tandem organic light-emitting devices[J]. Appl Phys B, 2011, 105(4): 857-862.
[6]
[7]	Wu Qingyang, Xie Guohua, Zhang Zhensong, et al. Highly efficient all fluorescent white organic light-emitting devices made by sequential doping[J]. Acta Phys Sin, 2013, 62(19): 7204-7207. (in Chinese) 吴清洋, 谢国华, 张振松, 等. 基于连续性掺杂的高效全荧光白色有机电致发光器件的研究[J]. 物理学报, 2013, 62 (19): 197204-197207.
[8]
[9]
[10]	Taeshik Earmme, Samson A Jenekhe. Improved electron injection and transport by use of baking soda as a low-cost, air-stable, n-dopant for solution-processed phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 102(23): 3305-3308.
[11]	Chen Ping. Control of the magnetic field effects in organic optoelectronic devices [D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2011. (in Chinese) 陈平. 有机光电子器件中的磁场效应调控[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2011.
[12]
[13]	Kalinowski J, Cocchi M, Virgili D P, et al. Magnetic field effects on emission and current in Alq3-based lectroluminescent diodes [J]. Chem Phys Lett, 2003, 380(5-6): 710-715.
[14]
[15]	Mermer , Veeraraghavan G, Francis T L, et al. Large magnetoresistance at room-temperature in small-molecular-weight organic semi-conductor sandwich devices [J]. Solid State Commun, 2005, 134(9): 631-636.
[16]
[17]
[18]	Kalinowski J, Cocchi M, Virgili D P, et al. Magnetic field effects on organic electr ophosphorescence [J]. Phys Rev B, 2004, 70(20): 5303-5307.
[19]	Odaka H, Okimoto Y, Yamada T, et al. Control of magnetic-field effect on electroluminescence in Alq3-based organic light emitting diodes [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 88 (12): 3501-3503.
[20]
[21]	Shengh Y, Mermer , Wohlgenannt M, et al. Hyperfine interaction and magnetoresistance in organic semiconductors[J]. Phys Rev B, 2006, 74(4): 5213-5219.
[22]
[23]
[24]	Prigodin V N, Bergeson J D, Lincoln D M, et al. Anomalous room temperature magnetoresistance in organic semiconductor[J]. Synth Metal, 2006, 156(9-10): 757-761.
[25]
[26]	Desai P, Shakya P, Kreouzis T, et al. Magnetoresistance and efficiency measurement of Alq3-based OLEDs [J]. Phys Rev B, 2007, 75(9): 4423-4425.
[27]	Hu B, Wu Y. Tuning magnetoresistance between positive and negative values in organic semiconductors [J]. Nat Mater, 2007, 6: 985-990.
[28]
[29]
[30]	Nguyen T D, Sheng Y, Wohlgenannt M, et al. Magnetic field-effects in bipolar, almost hol e-only and almost electron-only tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum devices[J]. Phys Rev B, 2008, 77(23): 5205-5209.
[31]	Zhang Y, Liu R, Xiong Z H, et al. Low temperature magnetic field effects in Alq3-based organic light emitting diodes [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 94(8): 3303-3307.
[32]
[33]
[34]	Lei Y L, Zhang Y, Liu R, et al. Driving current and temperature dependent magnetic-field modulated electroluminescence in Alq3-based organic light emitting diode [J]. Org Electron, 2009, 10(5): 889-894.
[35]	Hu B, Yan L, Shao M. Magnetic field effect in organic semiconducting materials and devices [J]. Adv Mater, 2009, 21: 1500-1516.
[36]
[37]	Bloom F L, Wagemans W, Kemerink M, et al. Separating positive and negative magnetore sistance in organic semiconductor devices [J]. Phys Rev Lett, 2007, 99 (25): 7201-7204.
[38]
[39]
[40]	Bloom F L, Wagemans W, Kemerink M, et al. Correspondence of the sign change in organic magnetoresistance with the onset of bipolar charge transport[J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2008, 93(26): 3302-3303.
[41]	Bergeson J D, Prigodin V N, Lincoln D M, et al. Inversion of magnetoresistance in organic semiconductor [J]. Phys Rev Lett, 2008, 100(6): 7201-7204.
[42]
[43]
[44]	Xin L Y, Li C N, Li F, et al. Inversion of magnetic field effects on electrical current and el ectroluminescence in tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum based light-emitting diodes[J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95(12): 3303-3306.
[45]	Liu R, Zhang Y, Lei Y L, et al. Magnetic field dependent triplet-triplet annihilation in Alq3-based organic light emitting diodes at different temperatures [J]. J Appl Phys, 2009, 105: 093719.
[46]
[47]
[48]	Zhang Qiaoming. The magnetocondutance effect in organic optoelectronic devices [D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2011. (in Chinese) 张巧明. 有机光电器件的磁电导效应[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2012.
[49]
[50]	Knapp Ernst Walter, Schulten K. Magnetic field effect on the hyperfine-induced electron spin motion in radicals undergoing diamagnetic-paramagnetic exchange [J]. J Chem Phys, 1979, 71(4): 1878-1880.
[51]	Tiba M V. Organo-metallic structures for spintronic applications [D]. Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology, 2009.
[52]
[53]	Baldo M A, Forrest S R. Transient analysis of organic electrophosphorescence.Ⅱ. Transient analysis of triplet energy transfer [J]. Phys Rev B, 2000, 62(16): 10967-10977.
[54]
[55]
[56]	Colle M, Grditz C. Delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) and their temperature dependence [J]. J Lumin, 2004, 110(4): 200-206.
[57]
[58]	Desai P, Shakya P,Kreouzis T, et al. Magnetoresistance in organic-light emitting diode structures under illumination [J]. Phys Rev B, 2007, 76(23): 235202-235202-5.
[59]	Desai P, Shakya P, Kreouzis T, et al. The role of magnetic fields on the transport and efficiency of aluminum tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) based organic light emitting diodes [J]. J Appl Phys, 2007, 102(7): 073710-073710-5.
[60]
[61]
[62]	Desai P, Shakya P, Kreouzis T, et al. Magnetoresistance and efficiency measurement of Alq3-based OLEDs [J]. Phys Rev B, 2007, 75(9): 094423-094423-5.
[63]	Wu Y, Hu B. Metal electrode effects on spin-orbital coupling and magnetoresistance in organic semiconductor devices [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 89(20): 203510-203510-3.
[64]
[65]
[66]	Wu Y, Xu Z, Hu B, et al. Tuning magnetoresistance and magnetic-field-dependent electroluminescence through mixing a strong-spin-orbital-coupling molecular and a weak-spin-orbital-coupling polymer [J]. Phys Rev B, 2007, 75 (3): 035214-035214-6.
[67]
[68]	Bobbert P A, Nguyen T D,Wohlgenannt M, et al. Bipolaron mechanism for organic Magnetoresistance [J]. Phys Rev Lett, 2007, 99(21): 216801-216801-3.
[69]	Nguyen T D, Sheng Y, Rybicki J, et al. Magnetic field-effects in bipolar, almost hole-only and almost electron-only tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum devices [J]. Phys Rev B, 2008, 77(23): 235209-235209-5.
[70]
[71]
[72]	Xiong Z H, Di Wu, Z V Vardeny, et al. Giant magnetoresistance in organic spin-valves [J]. Nature, 2004, 427: 821-824.
[73]	Wu D, Xiong Z H, Li X G, et al. Magnetic-field-dependent carrier injection at La2/3Sr1/3MnO3/ and organic semiconductors interfaces[J]. Phys Rev Lett, 2005, 95(1): 016802-016802-4.
[74]
[75]	Davis A H, Bussmann K. Large magnetic field effects in organic light emitting diodes based on tris (8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum) (Alq3)/N, N'-Di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N, N diphenyl-benzidine (NPB) bilayers [J]. J Vac Sci Technol, 2004, 22(4): 1885-1891.
[76]
[77]	Mermer O, Veeraraghavan G, Francis T L, et al. Large magnetoresistance in nonmagnetic -conjugated semiconductor thin film devices [J]. Phys Rev B, 2005, 72(20): 205202-205202-12.
[78]
[79]
[80]	Sheng Y, Nguyen T D, Veeraraghavan G, et al. Hyperfine interaction and magnetoresis tance in organic semiconductors[J]. Phys Rev B, 2006, 74(9): 045213-045213-9.
[81]	Veeraraghavan G, Nguyen T D, Sheng Y, et al. Magnetic field effects on current, elect roluminescence and photocurrent in organic light-emitting diodes [J]. J Phys: Cond Matter, 2007, 19(3): 036209-036222.
[82]
[83]
[84]	Peng Qiming, Sun Jixiang, Li Xianjie, et al. Investigation of the magnetic field effects on electron mobility in tri-(8-hydroxyquinoline)-aluminum based light-emitting devices [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2011, 99(3): 033509-033509-3.
[85]	Odaka H, Okimoto Y, Yamada T, et al. Control of magnetic-field effect on electroluminescence in Alq3-based organic light emitting diodes [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 88 (12): 123501-123501-3.
[86]
[87]
[88]	Veeraraghavan G, Nguyen D T, Sheng Y. Magnetic field effects on current, electroluminescence and photocurrent in organic light-emitting diodes [J]. J Phys: Condens Mater, 2007, 19(3): 036209.
[89]	Rolfe N J, Heeney M, Wyatt P B. Elucidating the role of hyperfine interactions on organic magnetoresistance using deuterated aluminium tris (8-hydroxyquinoline)[J]. Phys Rev B, 2009, 80(24): 241201-241201-4.
[90]
[91]
[92]	Wittmer M, Zshokke-Granacher I. Exciton-charge carrier interactions in the electroluminescence of crystalline anthracene [J]. J Chem Phys, 1975, 63(10): 4187-4194.
[93]
[94]	Xin L Y, Li C N, Li F, et al. Inversion of magnetic field effects on electrical current and el ectroluminescence in tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum based light-emitting diodes[J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95(12): 123306-123306-3.
[95]
[96]	Nguyen T D, Markosian G H, Wang F, et al. Isotope effect in spin response of -conjugated polymer films and devices[J]. Nature Mater, 2010, 9: 345-352.
[97]
[98]	Buchschuster A, Schmidt Tobia D, Br俟tting W. Evidence for different origins of the magnetic field effect on current and electroluminescence in organic light-emitting diodes [J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 100(12): 123302-123302-3.
[99]
[100]	Lei Y L, Zhang Q M, Chen L J, et al. Identifying the roles of the excited states on the magnetoconductance in tris-(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum[J]. Appl Phys Lett, 2013, 102 (11): 113301-113101-3.
[101]	Belaid R, Barhoumi T, Hachani L, et al. Magnetic field effect on recombination light in anthracene crystal [J]. Synth Met, 2002, 131(1-3): 23-30.
[102]
[103]	Wiebe Wagemans, Bert Koopmans. Spin transport and magnetoresistance in organic semiconductors [J]. Phys Status Solidi B, 2011, 248(5): 1029-1041.

Progress in magneto-conductance effect of organic light-emitting diode

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