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多波长红光金刚石拉曼激光器结构如图1所示。其中,泵浦源为自主搭建的 532 nm倍频脉冲激光器,其对应的最大泵浦能量为1738 μJ,脉宽为11.43 ns,重复频率为1~500 Hz可调。通过透镜组F1、F2对泵浦光进行整形准直,谐振腔前的二分之一波片(HWP)用于调节泵浦光的偏振方向使其平行于金刚石晶体的<111>轴,从而获得最大的拉曼增益[30]。
为了提高腔内注入功率和避免腔内元件损伤,金刚石拉曼振荡器采用具有较大模式体积的平凹腔型,输出镜的曲率半径为200 mm,金刚石的尺寸为2 mm×4 mm×7 mm,腔镜镀膜情况参考表1。其中,为抑制黄橙光的输出进而提高级联拉曼的转换效率,输入镜(IC)和输出镜(OC)均镀有对一阶Stokes光573 nm的高反射膜。耦合透镜F3将金刚石晶体内的泵浦光半径控制在350 μm左右。得益于金刚石极大的导热系数,在低重复频率泵浦下,腔内模式几乎不受热效应影响。拉曼振荡器腔长约为60 mm,平面镜到金刚石的距离为7 mm。拉曼腔的各阶Stokes光的本征模式如图2所示,紫色虚线之间为金刚石晶体,仿真结果显示腔内一阶至四阶Stokes光在金刚石区域的基横模半径依次为128 μm、133 μm、139 μm和146 μm。
表 1 腔镜的镀膜参数
Table 1. Coating parameters of cavity mirrors
Pump (532 nm) First-Stokes (573 nm) Second-Stokes (620 nm) Third-Stokes (676 nm) Fourth-Stokes (743 nm) IC AR HR HR HR R=87% OC HR HR R=10% R=15% R=69%
Multi-wavelength red diamond Raman laser
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摘要: 全固态红光激光器在激光显示、全息存储以及医疗领域有着重要应用,其中多波长红光激光器还可用于差频产生太赫兹辐射。基于三阶非线性效应受激拉曼散射的拉曼激光器是一种突破粒子数反转激光器有限发射光谱制约进而拓展激光波长的有效手段,即能够将注入的单一波长泵浦光直接拓展至一个或几个全新波段。笔者团队研制了一台绿光泵浦的多波长级联金刚石拉曼激光器,利用波长为532 nm、脉冲宽度为11.43 ns的激光作为泵浦源,通过将一阶Stokes黄橙光(573 nm)锁定在振荡器中,实现了红光波段的二阶、三阶和四阶(620 nm、676 nm和743 nm)级联拉曼激光输出,对应三个波长的脉冲宽度分别为10.41、3.75、2.45 ns,总输出能量为0.6 mJ,光光转换效率为36.38%。结果表明,凭借金刚石晶体优异的光学特性和拉曼性质,可见光泵浦的金刚石拉曼激光器对于实现高功率全固态小型化多波长红光激光输出具有巨大潜力。Abstract:
Objective The all-solid-state multi-wavelength red laser has significant applications in laser color large-screen displays, high-density holographic storage, measurement, and medical treatment. Its multi-wavelength characteristics also enable it to serve as a terahertz light source through difference-frequency generation. Currently, the multi-wavelength red laser can be generated by combining the emission spectrum of an inversion particle gain medium with second-order nonlinear effects. However, these methods typically have lower conversion efficiency. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is a high-intensity third-order nonlinear effect that offers flexible wavelength conversion, automatic phase matching, and beam cleanup. The cascaded frequency shift property of Raman crystals is an effective method for achieving multi-wavelength output using a single pump wavelength. Diamond crystals have a high Raman gain coefficient in the visible wavelength range compared to conventional Raman crystals. Pumping diamond with a well-established 532 nm laser has great potential for obtaining efficient, high-energy, high-beam quality multi-wavelength red laser output. In this study, we investigate the generation of multi-wavelength red laser output using cascaded diamond Raman oscillators pumped by a 532 nm laser and explore their output characteristics. Methods The setup of the multi-wavelength red diamond Raman laser is shown (Fig.1). The pump source is a self-built 532 nm frequency doubled nanosecond laser. The pump beam is collimated by the lens group F1 and F2. A half-wave plate (HWP) is used to adjust the polarization direction of the pump to be parallel to the <111> axis of the diamond crystal for the maximum Raman gain. The diamond Raman oscillator uses a plane-concave cavity with a curvature radius of 200 mm as the output mirror. The diamond size is 2 mm× 4 mm× 7 mm. The coating parameters of the two cavity mirrors are shown (Tab.1). The cavity mirrors are high reflection coated at first-order Stokes to increase the conversion efficiency and obtain pure higher-order Stokes output. The lens F3 is used to control the pump radius in the diamond crystal to about 350 μm. The total length of the Raman cavity is 60 mm, and the distance from the output coupler to the end surface of the diamond is 7 mm. The intrinsic modes of the Raman cavity for each order of Stokes are shown (Fig.2), with a diamond between the purple dashed lines. The radius of the TEM00 modes of the first, second, third and fourth-order Stokes are 128, 133, 139, 146 μm, respectively. Results and Discussions The spectra of second-order Stokes, second- and third-order Stokes, and second- to fourth-order Stokes were collected at pump energies of 343, 437, 1165 μJ, respectively (Fig.3). The frequency shift between each Stokes order was 1 332 cm−1, consistent with the inherent Raman frequency shift of diamond. With a maximum pump energy of 1 738 μJ (Fig.4(a)), three wavelength lasing in red with energies of 143, 425, 65 μJ were obtained, with slope efficiencies of 9.7%, 31.3%, and 8.7%, respectively. The conversion efficiency increases with pump energy and levels off (Fig.4(b)). A multi-wavelength red laser output energy of 633 μJ was obtained at a maximum pump energy of 1 738 μJ, with a slope efficiency of 45.3% and an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 36.4%. The temporal waveform of the incident pump at 532 nm and the output Stokes of each order at maximum pump energy were measured to be 11.43, 10.41, 3.75, 2.45 ns, respectively (Fig.5). The pulse width of each Stokes order is compressed compared to the pump, with more evident compression as the Raman order increases. The near-field spot of each Stokes order has no obvious distortion. The optical-to-optical conversion efficiency can be improved by optimizing the Raman cavity mode-matching degree, and the energy ratio of each wavelength in the multi-wavelength output can be controlled by designing the mirror coating. Conclusions In this study, we developed a 532 nm pumped multi-wavelength diamond Raman laser and investigated its cascaded Raman laser output energy, spectrum, and pulse characteristics at different pump energies. Cascaded Raman outputs of 620, 676, and 743 nm were successfully demonstrated. With a maximum pump energy of 1 738 μJ, the output energies of 143 μJ at 620 nm, 425 μJ at 676 nm, and 65 μJ at 743 nm were achieved, with pulse widths of 10.41, 3.75, and 2.45 ns, respectively. Meanwhile, the near-field beams of all the orders exhibit good spatial distribution. The output energy of the combined multi-wavelength red laser was 633 μJ, with an optical-optical conversion efficiency of 36.4%. The results show that the visible light-pumped diamond Raman laser has tremendous potential for efficient all-solid-state miniaturized multi-wavelength lasers in red due to its extremely high Raman gain coefficient and excellent photothermal properties. This study can also provide guidance for the development of multi-wavelength Raman lasers pumped by other wavelengths. -
Key words:
- Raman laser /
- diamond /
- multi-wavelength /
- pulse /
- high-power
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表 1 腔镜的镀膜参数
Table 1. Coating parameters of cavity mirrors
Pump (532 nm) First-Stokes (573 nm) Second-Stokes (620 nm) Third-Stokes (676 nm) Fourth-Stokes (743 nm) IC AR HR HR HR R=87% OC HR HR R=10% R=15% R=69% -
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