Research progress of optoelectronic quantum devices (cover paper·invited)
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摘要: 量子科技的发展多年来得到了光电技术的有力支撑,笔者团队由此进行了一系列光电量子器件的研究和开发。为在光纤量子通信中实现单光子信号的按需产生,笔者设计了几种微纳柱型光腔-量子点单光子源;发展了频分复用技术,研制了高纯度、高全同的宣布式单光子源;利用GaN缺陷的单光子特性,制备了室温量子随机数发生器。笔者优化周期极化铌酸锂的级联波导结构设计,大幅提升了通信波段量子纠缠光源性能,使保真度高于97%,噪声特性提高10倍;设计和制备Si3N4微环腔纠缠源器件,实现了99%的干涉可见度,展示了芯片集成量子光源的技术可行性;应用所制备的纠缠光源,实现了数十千米光纤基量子密钥分发和量子隐形传态。笔者发展了单光子探测器制造工程,研制了用于太阳光谱量子测量的低噪声高速雪崩单光子探测器和用于量子成像的128×32及以上规模的雪崩焦平面单光子探测器。笔者制备了光纤基量子存储器,实现了1 650个光子模式的有效存储;研究了光机械量子器件的原理机制,探索了纳米光机电系统用于量子精密测量的技术前景。希望以上综述为未来量子信息网络的发展提供研究参考和技术储备。Abstract:
Significance Quantum information science has now attracted significant attention, since it has been well proved and is believed to support quantum computation, quantum communication and quantum metrology in the near future. Characteristics of quantum states have opened the opportunities to accomplish tasks beyond classical limits, resulting in a frontier field of quantum technologies. Among them, quantum computation technology can accelerate the speed of computers exponentially with respect to the classical machine. Quantum communication technology guarantees completely secure communication, and quantum measurement technology can greatly optimize the sensitivity and/or resolution of many instruments. These potential accomplishments have led to the development of innovative and advanced applications in various fields, and therefore people are presently struggling to construct efficient quantum information systems and quantum networks. To realize practical quantum information systems and quantum networks, fundamental devices must be firstly well developed. The successful fabrication of superconductor quantum circuit chips led to an achievement of constructing quantum computer consists of 127 qubits. Realization of more general quantum computers needs much larger scaled, more robust, more quantum logic circuit chip consisting of probably superconductors, cold atoms, semiconductors, photonic crystals etc. The primary obstacles in establishing a quantum network involve the distribution of entangled qubits among nodes that are physically distant from each other, which needs high-performance entangled photon source and quantum memory. Among various types of quantum devices, optoelectronic devices play a key and central role, since the advanced microelectronic, optical and optoelectronic platforms enable fabricating the building blocks for most of the quantum information processing systems. Technologies based on optoelectronics have the potential to realize a complete product chain in the field of quantum information. This work shows the study or fabrication of optoelectronic quantum devices including single photon sources, photon entanglers, single photon detectors, quantum memories and opto-electro-mechanical sensors. Progress Single photon emitters refer to the light sources that release light in the form of individual particles or photons. Single photon emitters are the fundamental devices for quantum communication. They are also well used in quantum detection and photonic quantum computation. In this direction, we have studied single photon emitters based on quantum dot (Fig.1), heralded single-photon sources (Fig.2-3), and a quantum random number generator (Fig.4). Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon that arises when a collection of particles is created, interact, or exist in close proximity to each other in such a manner that the individual quantum states of each particle cannot be figured out independently from the states of the others, even if these particles are widely separated. As a fundamental resource, quantum entangled light sources are widely used in quantum information processing. We have made a comprehensive study on the performance improvement (Fig.5-7), chip integration (Fig.8) and application (Fig.9-10) of entangled photon sources. A single photon detector is a photodetector which can respond to incident light signal as weak as one single photon. Single photon detectors play a widespread role in the field of quantum information processing since they serve as key devices for, e.g., readout in quantum computing, receiving in quantum communication and photon measurement in quantum metrology. This research is focused on specially designed single photon avalanche detectors (Fig.11), focal-plane single photon avalanche detectors (Fig.12), and negative feedback avalanche diodes (Fig.12). Moreover, we have proposed fiber Bragg grating sensing system by utilizing single photon detectors (Fig.13). In addition to the optoelectronic devices described above, we have also conducted abundant research on fiber-based quantum memory (Fig.14), optomechanical quantum device (Fig.15) and nano-opto-electro-mechanical system (Fig.16). All our studies will impact on the application of quantum technologies. Conclusions and Prospects In order to realize practical quantum systems in the future, our group have made efforts to create and investigate quantum devices by using optoelectronic techniques. QD-embedded nanocavities were designed to improve the efficiency of and to realize on-demand single photon emitters. Spectral multiplexing technique enabled the fabrication of a heralded single photon source with high purity and speed, approaching on-demand single photon emitting. A quantum random number generator working at room temperature was constructed based on single photon emitting from defects in commercial GaN material. Applying cascaded second-order nonlinear optical process in PPLN waveguides, we developed an entangled photon emitter with fidelity of 97% and noise level nearly 10 times better. Chip-integrated photon entangler with visibility of over 99% was established by fabricating Si3N4 micro-rings via micro/nano-processing. Readout circuits were optimized to help fabricating high quality SPAD devices, and SPAD focal plane devices were improved to 128×32 array for single photon and quantum imaging. A quantum memory was achieved to simultaneously store 1 650 single photons at low temperatures, and a few opto-electro-mechanical devices were experimentally tried to obtain quantum-level measurement ability for minor quantities. Our studies might be a step forward to the realization of practical quantum information networks. -
Key words:
- optoelectronics /
- quantum device /
- quantum information /
- single photon /
- quantum entanglement /
- quantum network
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图 4 量子随机数发生器方案。(a) 实验系统,使用自制的共聚焦扫描显微镜等元件完成GaN激励并产生单光子;(b) HBT光路,用于评估发射的单光子的纯度并生成量子随机数[45]
Figure 4. Scheme of a random bit generator with branching paths. (a) Experimental setup, which involved a self-made confocal scanning microscope to stimulate the single photon emitting in the GaN wafer and capture the luminescence from individual photons; (b) HBT configuration, employed to assess the purity of single photons emitted and generate binary random numbers[45]
图 6 单片PPLN波导级联产生纠缠光子的方案 。(a) PPLN波导模块的结构;(b) 该模块产生的相关光子对的光谱;(c) 共极化拉曼光子光谱;(d) 交叉极化拉曼光子光谱[50]
Figure 6. Cascaded photon entanglement using a single PPLN waveguide. (a) Structure of the PPLN waveguide module; (b) Spectra of correlated photon-pairs generated from the module; (c) and (d) Spectra of co- and cross-polarized Raman photons from the module[50]
图 7 实现不同自由度纠缠的实验装置。(a) 关联光子对产生光路;(b) 关联光子对表征光路;(c) 能量-时间和时间片纠缠光子对表征光路;(d) 能量-时间纠缠光子对的相干操纵光路;(e) 频率片纠缠光子对的产生和表征光路[50]
Figure 7. Experimental setups for (a) Generation of correlated photon-pairs; (b) Characterization of correlated photon-pairs; (c) Characterization of energy-time and time-bin entangled photon-pairs; (d) Coherent manipulation of energy-time entangled photon-pairs; (e) Generation and characterization of frequency-bin entangled photon-pairs[50]
图 15 (a) 光机械纳米梁腔结构示意图;(b)和(c) 纳米梁腔中孔洞位置d及孔洞尺寸Δr示意图;(d) 光通信波段光学基模Ey分量分布图;(e) 基频呼吸模的位移场[76]
Figure 15. (a) Schematic diagram of the optomechanical nanobeam cavity; (b) and (c) Schematic representation of hole's position d and unitary variation of hole dimension Δr in nanobeam cavity; (d) Ey component of optical fundamental mode at telecom band; (e) Displacement field of the corresponding fundamental breathing modeing fundamental breathing mode[76]
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