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Tang Ruixin, Duan Cunli. Research on energy amplifier based on sub-nanosecond microchip laser[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2022, 51(4): 20210200. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20210200
Citation: Tang Ruixin, Duan Cunli. Research on energy amplifier based on sub-nanosecond microchip laser[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2022, 51(4): 20210200. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20210200

Research on energy amplifier based on sub-nanosecond microchip laser

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20210200
  • Received Date: 2021-03-29
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-05-16
  • Publish Date: 2022-05-06
  • Laser amplifiers with high pulse energy and narrow pulse width can be used in many fields, such as material processing, medical plastic surgery and lidar. The Master Oscillator Power Amplification (MOPA) technology, which combining the seed laser and the amplifying structure, not only enables features of the output pulse laser are consistent with that of the seed laser (pulse width and repetition frequency, etc.), but also ensures the amplification of the output laser energy. Thus, MOPA technology becomes the main technology in laser amplifier based on engineering applications. In this subject, a laser amplifier based on a sub-nanosecond microchip solid-state laser was developed in response to the demand for sub-nanosecond high-energy laser amplifiers in medical cosmetology. Firstly, a sub-nanosecond passive Q-switched microchip solid-state laser was used as the seed source. The seed source laser has a repetition frequency of 10 Hz, a pulse width of 487.3 ps, and a wavelength of 1064 nm to output seed light with an energy of 190 μJ. Then two self-made xenon lamp-pumped Nd:YAG modules were used as the main amplifier to amplify the sub-nanosecond laser pulse energy. The energy generated from the self-oscillation in the amplification process was suppressed, and the energy transfer efficiency during the amplification was increased effectively. Finally, a switchable output with wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm was obtained. When the repetition frequency was 10 Hz, a sub-nanosecond laser output with a pulse width of 496.4 ps, a pulse energy of 561 mJ@1064 nm, 330 mJ@532 nm, an energy stability of 2% and a uniform spot were obtained.
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    [2] Wang Feiyue, Zou Tingting, Xin Wei, et al. Control of the wettability of graphene oxide surface with femtosecond laser irradiation [J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2020, 49(12): 20201064. (in Chinese) doi:  10.3788/IRLA20201064
    [3] Anderson R R, Parrish J A. Selective photothermolysis: Precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation [J]. Science, 1983, 220(4596): 524-527. doi:  10.1126/science.6836297
    [4] Du Xinbiao, Chen Meng, Ren Junjie, et al. Research on 1 kHz high-power sub-nanosecond solid-state laser amplifier [J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2020, 49(3): 0305001. (in Chinese) doi:  10.3788/IRLA202049.0305001
    [5] Duan Jialin, Li Xudong, Wu Wentao, et al. Research on LD pumped 1.06 μm burst-mode laser and the amplification systems [J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2019, 48(1): 0105003. (in Chinese) doi:  10.3788/IRLA201948.0105003
    [6] Wang Chao, Wei Hui, Wang Jiangfeng, et al. 1 J, 1 Hz lamp-pumped high-gain Nd: Phosphate glass laser amplifier [J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2017, 15(1): 011401. doi:  10.3788/COL201715.011401
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    [8] Yahia Vincent, Taira Takunori. High brightness energetic pulses delivered by compact microchip-MOPA system [J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(7): 8609-8618. doi:  10.1364/OE.26.008609
    [9] Zhou Yiping, Li Xudong, Wu Wentao, et al. 500 Hz, 47.1 mJ, sub-nanosecond MOPA laser system [J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2021, 134: 106592. doi:  10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106592
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Research on energy amplifier based on sub-nanosecond microchip laser

doi: 10.3788/IRLA20210200
  • School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China

Abstract: Laser amplifiers with high pulse energy and narrow pulse width can be used in many fields, such as material processing, medical plastic surgery and lidar. The Master Oscillator Power Amplification (MOPA) technology, which combining the seed laser and the amplifying structure, not only enables features of the output pulse laser are consistent with that of the seed laser (pulse width and repetition frequency, etc.), but also ensures the amplification of the output laser energy. Thus, MOPA technology becomes the main technology in laser amplifier based on engineering applications. In this subject, a laser amplifier based on a sub-nanosecond microchip solid-state laser was developed in response to the demand for sub-nanosecond high-energy laser amplifiers in medical cosmetology. Firstly, a sub-nanosecond passive Q-switched microchip solid-state laser was used as the seed source. The seed source laser has a repetition frequency of 10 Hz, a pulse width of 487.3 ps, and a wavelength of 1064 nm to output seed light with an energy of 190 μJ. Then two self-made xenon lamp-pumped Nd:YAG modules were used as the main amplifier to amplify the sub-nanosecond laser pulse energy. The energy generated from the self-oscillation in the amplification process was suppressed, and the energy transfer efficiency during the amplification was increased effectively. Finally, a switchable output with wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm was obtained. When the repetition frequency was 10 Hz, a sub-nanosecond laser output with a pulse width of 496.4 ps, a pulse energy of 561 mJ@1064 nm, 330 mJ@532 nm, an energy stability of 2% and a uniform spot were obtained.

    • 高能量、亚纳秒脉宽并且结构紧凑的激光系统对许多应用都很有吸引力,包括激光雷达[1]、激光加工[2]。它们还可用于在各种应用中有效地将波长转换为绿色波长,例如激光美容[3]。对于高能量、窄脉宽的激光器大多采用主振荡器功率放大(MOPA)技术来放大短脉冲宽度激光脉冲的输出能量[4-5]

      2017年,汪超等人实现了一个四灯泵浦钕玻璃四通放大结构的MOPA系统,使用全光纤激光器获得波长为1053nm,脉冲能量为1nJ的种子光,经过氙灯泵浦钕玻璃棒四通放大器后,获得的脉冲激光输出最大能量为1 J[6]。2018年,刘晶等人展示了一个纳秒MOPA系统,种子源在脉冲宽度为12 ns,重频为5 Hz,波长为1064 nm时,输出脉冲能量为10 mJ的种子光。采用三通Nd:YAG板条结构作为主放大级对种子光进行放大。最终,激光系统在泵浦能量为26.8 J,输出频率为5 Hz,输出脉冲宽度11.3 ns时,获得的纳秒脉冲激光输出最大脉冲能量5.4 J[7]。2018年,Vincent Yahia等人报道了一台光纤耦合激光二极管端面泵浦Nd:YAG棒状结构的高亮度亚纳秒MOPA激光器,激光系统在输出脉冲宽度为600 ps,重复频率为10 Hz,输出波长为1064 nm时,获得的亚纳秒脉冲激光输出脉冲能量为235 mJ[8]。2020年,周一平等人采用半导体激光器侧面泵浦Nd:YAG棒状结构亚纳秒MOPA系统,获得了脉冲宽度为730 ps,重复频率20 Hz,脉冲能量203 mJ的亚纳秒激光输出[9]。然而,这些研究未能实现在10 Hz的重复频率下亚纳秒激光的脉冲能量大于500 mJ且波长可切换。

      文中研究提出了一种采用亚纳秒微片激光器的主振荡器-功率放大(MOPA)系统。采用氙灯泵浦二级放大实验方案,将重复频率为10 Hz,脉冲宽度487.3 ps,脉冲能量为190 μJ的亚纳秒种子激光,放大得到脉冲宽度496.4 ps,脉冲能量561 mJ@1064 nm,330 mJ@532 nm的亚纳秒激光脉冲输出,激光系统在180 min的工作时间内,能量稳定性小于2%。研究中开发的波长可切换激光系统可用于激光医疗美容应用。

    • 亚纳秒激光MOPA系统种子源采用激光二极管泵浦的被动调Q微片固体激光器,其结构如图1所示。

      Figure 1.  Layout of the seed source

      泵浦源为光纤耦合半导体激光器,输出波长为808 nm,纤芯直径105 μm,数值孔径0.22。激光介质Nd:YAG晶体与可饱和吸收体Cr4+:YAG键合,采用铜热沉贴合散热。光纤耦合半导体激光器发出泵浦光,泵浦光由光纤输出后经准直聚焦系统准直后对晶体进行泵浦,输出波长为1064 nm,脉冲能量190 μJ,脉冲宽度487.3 ps的脉冲激光,其输出脉冲宽度如图2所示。

      Figure 2.  Profile of the pulse of the seed source

      亚纳秒激光MOPA系统和实物如图3图4所示。MOPA结构采用二级放大,采用两个氙灯泵浦Nd:YAG模块放大亚纳秒激光脉冲的脉冲能量,一级放大采用尺寸为7 mm×7 mm×110 mm,Nd3+掺杂浓度为0.8%的晶体棒,二级放大采用尺寸为8 mm×8 mm×110 mm,Nd3+掺杂浓度为0.8%的晶体棒。为了防止放大器中的回程光损坏种子源,在种子源和一级放大器之间放置法拉第光学隔离器。

      Figure 3.  Layout of the experimental setup (L1, Concave lens; L2, Convex lens; FI, Faraday-isolator; HWP, Half wave plate; M1、M2, 45° reflection mirror; TFP, Thin film polarizer; AM1, Amplifier module Ⅰ; QWP, Quarter-wave plate; M3; Total reflection mirror; M4, M5, 30° reflection mirror; L3, Concave lens; L4, Convex lens; AM2, Amplifier module Ⅱ)

      Figure 4.  Photo of the laser amplifier

    • 种子源在重复频率10 Hz,波长1064 nm,得到了脉冲能量190 μJ的激光输出,测得种子光通过法拉第隔离器后脉冲能量达到180 μJ,使用示波器测得脉宽为487.3 ps,如图2所示。

      在获得亚纳秒种子激光输出后,种子光进入二级放大器实现放大。在放大器泵浦脉宽为200 μs,经氙灯泵浦Nd:YAG模块二级放大后,其输出激光脉冲能量随泵浦电压变化如图5所示。

      Figure 5.  Relationship between output energy and pump voltage

      从实验结果来看,在放大级泵浦电压达到1000 V时,得到了输出脉冲能量为561 mJ激光输出,种子源能量被放大了3117倍,能满足医疗美容领域对激光放大器的要求。

      为了实现激光放大器波长可切换输出,文中采用13 mm×13 mm×5 mm KTP晶体作为倍频所需晶体,放大后输出的脉冲激光经过一扩束系统进入KTP晶体实现倍频。由于KTP晶体倍频效率无法达到100%,因此倍频后输出的脉冲激光包含1064 nm和532 nm两种光,这对应用有很大的干扰。文中课题在KTP倍频晶体后加入滤光片,只有波长为532 nm的脉冲激光能够输出。图6所示为532 nm输出激光脉冲能量随泵浦电压的变化。

      Figure 6.  Relationship between 532 nm output energy and pump voltage

      针对放大后的输出脉冲激光进行能量稳定性测试,1064 nm和532 nm输出激光脉冲能量随时间的变化如图7所示。在泵浦电压为1000 V条件下,持续工作180 min,每20 min记录一个输出脉冲激光能量值,得到该激光放大器的稳定性为2%,激光放大器的输出脉冲激光能量和能量稳定性都可以满足医疗美容领域的应用需求。

      Figure 7.  The stability of output energy

      当放大器使用未切倾角的Nd:YAG晶体棒,在一级双程放大中,Nd:YAG晶体的一个端面与全反射镜形成了腔,存在严重的自激振荡效应,展宽了种子源产生的激光脉冲的脉冲宽度,严重影响了激光主振荡器的稳定工作和输出脉宽。无种子光注入时,观察到了自激现象,会消耗放大器中的反转粒子产生的能量,降低放大器的增益,成为限制放大器性能的主要因素。实验中测得在泵浦电压为1000 V时,自激光的能量最大可达43 mJ。可以将棒的两端面磨成较小的斜角,使棒端面反射的光线不再返回棒中。假定棒直径为D,长度为L,斜角为α。则:$ \alpha = \arctan (D/L)$[10]。将一级放大的Nd:YAG晶体棒的端面切3.6°倾角,二级放大的Nd:YAG晶体棒的端面切4.2°倾角来抑制自激振荡产生的损耗,避免影响激光输出能量,并且将Nd:YAG晶体的两个端面均镀上1064 nm增透膜提高转化效率。当泵浦电压为1000时自激光从43 mJ降到1.07 mJ,自激振荡效应得到很好的抑制。

      实验中,采用光电二极管和示波器对二级单程放大中的输出1064 nm激光脉冲宽度进行测量,二级单程放大后输出激光脉宽波形图如图8所示。测得放大后的脉冲激光脉冲宽度为496.4 ps,而种子源激光脉冲宽度为487.3 ps,激光脉冲宽度有一定的展宽,这是因为放大器对激光脉冲产生时间畸变引起的[11]

      采用Coherent光束质量分析仪对二级单程放大中的输出脉冲激光光斑进行测量,如图9(a)9(b)所示。整形前光斑直径为6.5 mm,均匀度为40%,光斑均匀度较低,能量分布不均匀,不适用于激光美容的应用。为了使放大后的脉冲激光均匀性提升,在放大器输出端加入扩束准直系统对光斑进行扩束整形,并加入软边光阑[12]使光斑能量分布均匀,无强心,整形后光斑均匀度达到80%,光斑直径为12.5 mm,可以满足激光医疗美容的应用。

      Figure 8.  Profile of the pulse of the amplifier

      Figure 9.  Photo of the light spot: (a) Photo of before optimizing the light spot; (b) Photo of after optimizing the light spot

    • 文中研究了一种高能亚纳秒MOPA激光系统。研究并抑制了激光放大器中的自激振荡效应。采用激光二极管泵浦的被动调Q微片固体激光器获得了脉冲宽度约为487.3 ps、重复频率为10 Hz的亚纳秒激光脉冲。采用氙灯泵浦二级放大结构,亚纳秒激光的脉冲宽度约为496.4 ps,脉冲能量达到561 mJ@1064 nm,330 mJ@532 nm,能量稳定性为2%。对放大后的激光光斑均匀性进行了研究,放大后光斑均匀度达到80%。高脉冲能量,波长可切换亚纳秒MOPA激光系统是一个有前途的激光器,可用于激光医疗美容应用。

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